Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range
Ekologi
laut pelagic-oceanic; nir-ruaya; kisaran kedalaman 100 - 1000 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 69°N - 24°N, 18°W - 17°E
Northeast Atlantic: found in the western Mediterranean and in the Atlantic around the Strait of Gibraltar and to the south along the Moroccan coast.
Size / Weight / umur
Kematangan: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.1 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 128593); common length : 10.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 1371); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 48.98 g (Ref. 128593); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 3.00 Tahun (Ref. 1371)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; Duri dubur: 0. Eyes large; mouth oblique; chin barbel absent. Color varies from pink to light brown dorsally, silvery on sides and ventrally (Ref. 1371). Scales large, silvery and easily detached. Lateral line ends in 7 open mucus grooves on the upper side of the head (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Occurs in large schools over mud, muddy sand, gravel and rock bottoms. Feeds on small crustaceans and maybe worms. Preyed upon by other valuable fish (Ref. 1371). Spawns in the winter in the western Mediterranean and in the spring farther north (Ref. 35388).
The major spawning grounds are located in the western part of the Mediterranean, on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar, in deep water.
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; umpan: usually
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Acuan
123201): 3.4 - 13.9, mean 7.9 °C (based on 254 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00553 - 0.00789), b=3.09 (3.04 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Acuan
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.19-0.50; tmax=3.0).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (25 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 61.8 [31.4, 132.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.524 [0.258, 1.013] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [16.3, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.96 [0.45, 2.06] g/100g; Selenium = 12.2 [5.0, 31.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.4 [5.5, 106.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.755 [0.473, 1.180] mg/100g (wet weight);
