Environment: milieu / climate zone / تغييرات عمق / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي pelagic-oceanic; غير مهاجر; تغييرات عمق 100 - 1000 m (Ref. 35388). Temperate; 69°N - 24°N, 18°W - 17°E
Northeast Atlantic: found in the western Mediterranean and in the Atlantic around the Strait of Gibraltar and to the south along the Moroccan coast.
Size / Weight / سن
بلوغ: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.1 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 128593); common length : 10.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 1371); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 48.98 g (Ref. 128593); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 3.00 سال ها (Ref. 1371)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 0; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 0. Eyes large; mouth oblique; chin barbel absent. Color varies from pink to light brown dorsally, silvery on sides and ventrally (Ref. 1371). Scales large, silvery and easily detached. Lateral line ends in 7 open mucus grooves on the upper side of the head (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Occurs in large schools over mud, muddy sand, gravel and rock bottoms. Feeds on small crustaceans and maybe worms. Preyed upon by other valuable fish (Ref. 1371). Spawns in the winter in the western Mediterranean and in the spring farther north (Ref. 35388).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
The major spawning grounds are located in the western part of the Mediterranean, on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar, in deep water.
Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 10. Gadiform fishes of the world (Order Gadiformes). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods, hakes, grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(10). Rome: FAO. 442 p. (Ref. 1371)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: ارزش تحاري اندك; طعمه: usually
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 3.4 - 13.9, mean 7.9 °C (based on 254 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00553 - 0.00789), b=3.09 (3.04 - 3.14), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (مرجع
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
جهندگی (مرجع
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.19-0.50; tmax=3.0).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (25 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 61.8 [31.4, 132.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.524 [0.258, 1.013] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [16.3, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.96 [0.45, 2.06] g/100g; Selenium = 12.2 [5.0, 31.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.4 [5.5, 106.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.755 [0.473, 1.180] mg/100g (wet weight);
