Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; payau bentopelagis; kisaran kedalaman 22 - 400 m (Ref. 58489). Temperate; 32°S - 51°S, 115°E - 179°E
Southwest Pacific: confined to Australian and New Zealand seas.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Kematangan: Lm 37.5, range 30 - 40 cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9002); common length : 50.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9258); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 4.0 kg (Ref. 9988); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 15 Tahun (Ref. 9072)
Adults inhabit continental shelf and slope waters (Ref. 6390). Reported from depths between 22 m (Ref. 58489) and 400m (Ref. 30458). They are schooling species, usually aggregating close to the sea bed (Ref. 26498) although there is some evidence that they move into the middle water column at night (Ref. 30459). Juveniles recorded offshore to a depth of 100 m and sometimes entering estuaries, often in association with jellyfish (Ref. 9563) and schooling close to the surface. Feed mainly on salps but also takes euphausiids, krill, crabs and small squid (Ref. 9072). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Determinate annual fecundity. Females spawn three batches of eggs in a season (Ref. 86821).
Kuiter, R.H., 1993. Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 437 p. (Ref. 9002)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Acuan
123201): 11.8 - 16.6, mean 14.4 °C (based on 98 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00514 - 0.02450), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Acuan
69278): 3.7 ±0.43 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.19; tm=3-4; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.65, 95% CL = 0.43 - 0.97, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (77 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.4 [12.1, 31.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.272 [0.175, 0.434] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [15.7, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.669 [0.393, 1.167] g/100g; Selenium = 19.4 [9.7, 34.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.4 [9.6, 57.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.533 [0.408, 0.702] mg/100g (wet weight);
