Environment: milieu / climate zone / Mức độ sâu / distribution range
Sinh thái học
Biển; Thuộc về nước lợ Sống nổi và đáy; Mức độ sâu 22 - 400 m (Ref. 58489). Temperate; 32°S - 51°S, 115°E - 179°E
Southwest Pacific: confined to Australian and New Zealand seas.
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Chín muồi sinh dục: Lm 37.5, range 30 - 40 cm
Max length : 76.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 9002); common length : 50.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 9258); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 4.0 kg (Ref. 9988); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 15 các năm (Ref. 9072)
Adults inhabit continental shelf and slope waters (Ref. 6390). Reported from depths between 22 m (Ref. 58489) and 400m (Ref. 30458). They are schooling species, usually aggregating close to the sea bed (Ref. 26498) although there is some evidence that they move into the middle water column at night (Ref. 30459). Juveniles recorded offshore to a depth of 100 m and sometimes entering estuaries, often in association with jellyfish (Ref. 9563) and schooling close to the surface. Feed mainly on salps but also takes euphausiids, krill, crabs and small squid (Ref. 9072). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Determinate annual fecundity. Females spawn three batches of eggs in a season (Ref. 86821).
Kuiter, R.H., 1993. Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia. University of Hawaii Press. Honolulu, Hawaii. 437 p. (Ref. 9002)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Tài liệu tham khảo
123201): 11.8 - 16.6, mean 14.4 °C (based on 98 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Tài liệu tham khảo
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00514 - 0.02450), b=3.04 (2.87 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Mức dinh dưỡng (Tài liệu tham khảo
69278): 3.7 ±0.43 se; based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Tài liệu tham khảo
120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.19; tm=3-4; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.65, 95% CL = 0.43 - 0.97, Based on 2 data-limited stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (77 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.4 [12.1, 31.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.272 [0.175, 0.434] mg/100g; Protein = 17.5 [15.7, 19.4] %; Omega3 = 0.669 [0.393, 1.167] g/100g; Selenium = 19.4 [9.7, 34.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.4 [9.6, 57.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.533 [0.408, 0.702] mg/100g (wet weight);
