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Beloniformes (Needle fishes) >
Exocoetidae (Flyingfishes)
Etymology: Parexocoetus: Greek, para in the side of + Greek, exos = outside + Greek, koite = hole (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / गहराई सीमा / distribution range
पारिस्थितिकी
समुद्री pelagic-neritic; औशिनोड़िरोमस (Ref. 51243); गहराई सीमा 0 - 20 m. Tropical; 30°N - 23°S, 20°E - 178°W
Indo-Pacific: widespread from East Africa, including the Red Sea and the Gulf, to southern Japan, Marshall Islands, Fiji, the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819) and Queensland, Australia. Lessepsian migrant to the Mediterranean (Ref. 6523). Presence in Somalia to be confirmed (Ref. 30573). Records from the Atlantic (as Parexocoetus mento atlanticus) are in error.
आकार / वज़न / Age
परिपक्व अवधि: Lm ? range ? - 13 cm
Max length : 11.0 cm SL पुल्लिंग / अलिंग; (Ref. 2797)
पृष्ठीय रीढ़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 0; पृष्ठीय सौफट रेज़ (सम्पूर्ण) : 9 - 12; गुदा कांटा: 0; ऐनल सौफट रेज़: 10 - 12. Dorsal fin mostly blackish; pectorals and caudal greyish, other fins transparent (Ref. 2797).
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Found in near-shore surface waters, never spread to open sea (Ref. 9839). Capable of leaping out of the water and gliding above the surface (Ref. 30573).
Most die after a single spawning (Ref. 205).
Parin, N.V., 1996. On the species composition of flying fishes (Exocoetidae) in the West-Central part of tropical Pacific. J. Ichthyol. 36(5):357-364. (Ref. 27313)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
मात्स्यिकी: लघु वाणिज्य
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इंटरनेट स्रोत
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (संदर्भ
123201): 25.9 - 29.1, mean 28.5 °C (based on 4012 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (संदर्भ
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00288 - 0.01384), b=3.05 (2.85 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (संदर्भ
69278): 3.3 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
लौटाव (संदर्भ
120179): ऊंचा, न्यूनतम जनसंख्या दुगनी समय अवलागत 15 महीने। (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
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