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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Pseudotolithus: Greek, pseudes = false + greek, otos = ear + Greek, lithos = stone (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bleeker.
محیط زیست: محیط زیست / منطقه آب و هوایی / تغييرات عمق / محدوده توزیع
بوم شناسي
دريايي نزديك كف زي; تغييرات عمق 0 - 150 m (Ref. 2683), usually ? - 60 m (Ref. 3593). Tropical; 35°N - 17°S, 25°W - 14°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania (Ref. 5377) to Angola, becoming scarce north of Cape Verde. Often confused with Pseudotolithus senegalensis.
طول در اولین بلوغ / اندازه / وزن / سن
بلوغ: Lm 48.3  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm SL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 4780); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 15.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 10; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 28 - 32. Diagnosis: dorsal fin with 9 spines in the 1st part and 1 spine and 28-32 in the second; second anal spine about half the length of the 1st anal fin soft ray; pectoral fins short, about 19-21% SL; gill rakers short, about as long as gill filament at angle between lower and upper part of gill arch; maxilla extending beyond posterior eye border, eyes small, 7.2-8.4 times in HL, but this character is difficult to use for identification because of allometry (Ref. 81656).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabits coastal waters from shoreline to about 150 m depth, over mud and sandy mud bottoms. Most abundant in waters less than 60 m at temperatures above 18°C. Juveniles and sub-adults enter estuaries and rivers. Feeds mainly on small fishes and crustaceans. Peak spawning season from late spring to early autumn in tropical West Africa (Ref. 4780).
چرخه زندگی و رفتار جفتگیری
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | باروری | توزاد ( لارو)
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
تخمینها بر اساس مدلها
دمای ترجیحی (مرجع
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.7 °C (based on 104 cells).
شاخص تنوع فیلوژنتیکی (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00358 - 0.01221), b=3.06 (2.91 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
سطح تروفیک (مرجع
69278): 3.7 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
جهندگی (مرجع
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.22-0.29; tmax=7).
آسیبپذیری ماهیگیری (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
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مواد مغذی (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 62.8 [36.3, 118.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.842 [0.417, 1.457] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.198 [0.109, 0.333] g/100g; Selenium = 88.4 [48.5, 173.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.3 [3.8, 29.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.763 [0.547, 1.103] mg/100g (wet weight);