分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria)
鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
石首魚科 (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Pseudotolithus: Greek, pseudes = false + greek, otos = ear + Greek, lithos = stone (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Bleeker.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋 居於水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 150 m (Ref. 2683), usually ? - 60 m (Ref. 3593). 熱帶; 35°N - 17°S, 25°W - 14°E
Eastern Atlantic: Mauritania (Ref. 5377) to Angola, becoming scarce north of Cape Verde. Often confused with Pseudotolithus senegalensis.
東大西洋: 茅利塔尼亞 (參考文獻 5377) 到安哥拉, 變成維德角難得北方。 時常與 Pseudotolithus senegalensis 互相混淆。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm 48.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 140 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4780); 最大體重: 15.0 kg (Ref. 40637)
簡短描述
檢索表 | 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖
背棘 (總數) : 10; 背的軟條 (總數) : 28 - 32. Diagnosis: dorsal fin with 9 spines in the 1st part and 1 spine and 28-32 in the second; second anal spine about half the length of the 1st anal fin soft ray; pectoral fins short, about 19-21% SL; gill rakers short, about as long as gill filament at angle between lower and upper part of gill arch; maxilla extending beyond posterior eye border, eyes small, 7.2-8.4 times in HL, but this character is difficult to use for identification because of allometry (Ref. 81656).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabits coastal waters from shoreline to about 150 m depth, over mud and sandy mud bottoms. Most abundant in waters less than 60 m at temperatures above 18°C. Juveniles and sub-adults enter estuaries and rivers. Feeds mainly on small fishes and crustaceans. Peak spawning season from late spring to early autumn in tropical West Africa (Ref. 4780).
棲息於來自海岸線的沿岸水域到大約 150 公尺深, 在泥與沙泥底之上。 在 18個 ° C. 上面的溫度最豐富在水域少於 60 公尺 稚魚與亞成魚進入河口與河。 主要吃小魚與甲殼動物。 在熱帶的非洲西方部的來自春末到秋初的生殖高峰季節.(參考文獻 4780)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
東大西洋: 茅利塔尼亞 (參考文獻 5377) 到安哥拉, 變成維德角難得北方。 時常與 Pseudotolithus senegalensis 互相混淆。
Chao, L.N. and E. Trewavas, 1990. Sciaenidae. p. 813-826. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 3593)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 January 2020
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 25.7 °C (based on 104 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00358 - 0.01221), b=3.06 (2.91 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.7 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.22-0.29; tmax=7).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
🛈
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 62.8 [36.3, 118.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.842 [0.417, 1.457] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.9, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.198 [0.109, 0.333] g/100g; Selenium = 88.4 [48.5, 173.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 10.3 [3.8, 29.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.763 [0.547, 1.103] mg/100g (wet weight);
