分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335); chrysochloris: From the words chryso, meaning gold and chloris, meaning green (Ref. 10294).
More on author: Rafinesque.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / 深度上下限 / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 pelagic-neritic; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 23°N, 100°W - 82°W (Ref. 188)
Western Central Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico (from Corpus Christi in Texas eastward to Pensacola in Florida; also in rivers, e.g. Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to Minnesota, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania).
中西大西洋: 墨西哥灣 (從德州的考帕克利士替向東至佛羅里達的潘沙可拉; 也在河，例如密西西比與俄亥俄河到明尼蘇達州，威斯康辛州與賓州).
大小 / 重量 / 年齡
成熟度: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 50.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); common length : 37.5 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大體重: 1.7 kg (Ref. 4699); 最大年齡: 4 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (總數) : 0; 臀棘: 0. Belly with a distinct keel of scutes. Lower jaw not rising steeply within mouth; teeth prominent at front of lower jaw. Lower gill rakers slender. Back bluish green, abruptly changing to silver on flank; no dark spot at shoulder. Closely resembles A. mediocris of Atlantic coasts, which has no upper and weak lower jaw teeth, a dark shoulder spot and the body deeper than head length (Ref. 188).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
腹面有一個鱗甲的明顯龍骨脊。 下頜不陡升在嘴裡面; 齒突出的在下頜的前面。 下鰓耙細長的。 背面藍綠色的, 突然地變成銀色的在側面上; 在肩的沒有深色斑點。 非常近似大西洋海岸的 A. mediocris, 沒有上面而弱的下頜齒，一個黑的肩斑點與身體深度超過頭長.(參考文獻 188)
Generally present in coastal marine water (Ref. 37039). Enter brackish- and freshwaters, but perhaps not always or not consistently anadromous (Ref. 188), although strongly migratory within rivers (Ref. 10294) , mostly in fast-flowing water where they are renowned for leaping. Feed on small fishes, the juveniles on insects. Spawning times and places not certain. Adults serve as hosts to the larvae (glochidia) of the economically valuable pearly mussel (Fusconaia ebena) of the Mississippi basin (Ref. 188).
進入半鹹淡水與淡水, 但是可能不常一貫地溯河迴游產卵 (參考文獻 188), 雖然強烈的迴游性在河 (參考文獻 10294) 裡面 , 大部份在快速流動的水在那裡它們是以跳躍著名的。 捕食小魚，昆蟲幼生。 產卵時間與地點不確定的。 成魚對密西西比流域的高經濟價值珍珠貝 ( Fusconaia ebena) 的幼生當作寄主使用。 (參考文獻 188)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
中西大西洋: 墨西哥灣 (從德州的考帕克利士替向東至佛羅里達的潘沙可拉; 也在河，例如密西西比與俄亥俄河到明尼蘇達州，威斯康辛州與賓州).
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 13 March 2018
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (參考文獻
123201): 23.1 - 24.6, mean 23.9 °C (based on 126 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (參考文獻
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00344 - 0.01007), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (參考文獻
69278): 3.9 ±0.63 se; based on food items.
回復力 (參考文獻
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
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