Environment: milieu / climate zone / kisaran kedalaman / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; air tawar; payau dasar (demersal); amphidromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 5 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical; 20°C - 28°C (Ref. 13371); 35°N - 33°S, 48°E - 171°W
Indo-Pacific: Kuwait to Fiji, north to southern Japan, south to New Caledonia. Reported from Samoa (Ref. 9710), Tonga (Ref. 53797), and the Society Islands (Ref. 2847).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Kematangan: Lm ?, range 14 - ? cm
Max length : 45.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 108711); common length : 20.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 3489)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 10 - 11; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 16 - 18; Duri dubur: 4; Sirip dubur lunak: 13 - 15. Ground colour greenish. Juveniles with a few large roundish blotches, about size of eye, or with about 5 or 6 broad, dark, vertical bars. In large adults, spots may be faint and restricted to dorsal part of flanks. Body quadrangular, strongly compressed. Dorsal head profile steep. Eye moderately large, its diameter somewhat smaller than snout length. Snout rounded. Mouth small, horizontal, not protractile. Teeth villiform, in several rows on jaws (ref 43044).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Inhabit harbors, natural embayments, brackish estuaries and the lower reaches of freshwater streams, frequently occurring among mangroves. Feed on worms, crustaceans, insects and plant matter (Ref. 7020, 44894, 48637). The dorsal, anal and pelvic spines are believed by Philippine fishers to be venomous and capable of inflicting wounds (Ref. 6565). Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166). In Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Marketed as fresh (Ref. 12693).
Multiple spawner (Ref. 102820).
Allen, G.R., 1984. Scatophagidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). volume 4. [var. pag.]. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3489)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Budidaya air: komersial; Akuarium: Komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Acuan
123201): 25.4 - 29.3, mean 28.6 °C (based on 2701 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03236 (0.02357 - 0.04442), b=2.92 (2.83 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Acuan
69278): 3.0 ±0.35 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 0.9 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): Tinggi, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum kurang dari 15 bulan (K=0.97; tm=1; Fec=486,500).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.7 [40.4, 127.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.8 [0.5, 1.4] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [18.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.0919 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 28.9 [14.3, 62.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.8 [6.1, 87.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.49 [0.96, 2.24] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
