Umwelt: Milieu / Klimazone / Tiefenbereich / Verbreitungsgebiet
Ökologie
seewasser riff-verbunden; tiefenbereich 1 - 50 m (Ref. 93252), usually 5 - ? m (Ref. 9710). Tropical; 41°N - 37°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 188)
Western Atlantic: Gulf of Maine (USA), Bermuda, throughout the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and West Indies southward to Santa Catarina, Brazil. Also found in Uruguay (Ref. 54736) and Argentina (Ref. 2806).
Länge bei der ersten Reifung / Größe / Gewicht / Alter
Geschlechtsreife: Lm 11.5, range 11 - ? cm
Max length : 38.0 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 5217); common length : 20.0 cm SL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 188); max. veröff. Gewicht: 375.00 g (Ref. 5217)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt) : 0; Rückenflossenweichstrahlen (insgesamt) : 19 - 21; Afterflossenstacheln: 0; Afterflossenweichstrahlen: 23 - 24. The filamentous last dorsal fin ray distinguishes this species from all other western Atlantic clupeoids except Dorosoma, which has an inferior mouth (Ref. 188). Otherwise, superficially resembles species of Sardinella (but i 8 pelvic fin rays in western Atlantic species, cf. i 7 in Opisthonema) and Harengula (but small toothed hypomaxilla in upper jaw) (Ref. 188). Lower gill rakers stable at 28 to 46 after 8 cm (Ref. 188). Silvery, with a bluish or greenish back, 6-7 lengthwise dark streaks on side. Dark spot above opercle, larger dark spot behind opercle, usually with a row of dark spots behind it. Lower profile deeply curved. Head pointed (Ref. 7251).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: compressed.
Inhabit harbors and shallow coastal areas (Ref. 9710). Pelagic (Ref. 27549). Form schools (but solitary individuals reported), probably not entering water of low salinity. Feed by filtering plankton (copepods), but also take small fishes, crabs and shrimps. Marketed fresh, frozen and salted; also used in the fishmeal industry. Occur in freshwater in St. Johns River, Florida (Ref. 26938).
Possibly breeds in March-July off Venezuela.
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30911)
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: kommerziell; Köder: usually
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Schätzungen auf der Grundlage von Modellen
Bevorzugte Temperatur (Ref.
123201): 22.7 - 28, mean 25.5 °C (based on 480 cells).
Phylogenetischer Diversitätsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00776 - 0.00977), b=3.06 (3.03 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophische Ebene (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): mittel, Verdopplung der Population dauert 1,4 - 4,4 Jahre. (tm=1-3; tmax=8).
Prior r = 1.18, 95% CL = 0.78 - 1.77, Based on 4 data-limited stock assessments.
Anfälligkeit der Fischerei (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
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Klimaanfälligkeit (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
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Nährstoffe (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 59.1 [28.2, 107.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.805 [0.394, 1.446] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [18.5, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.242 [0.132, 0.455] g/100g; Selenium = 34.8 [18.7, 79.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 95.7 [28.7, 303.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.856 [0.565, 1.280] mg/100g (wet weight);