Environment: milieu / climate zone / Tiefenbereich / distribution range					
						Ökologie					
				
				
				
					seewasser; brackwasser demersal; ozeanodrom (Ref. 51243);  tiefenbereich 0 - 388 m (Ref. 58426). Temperate;  ? - 10°C (Ref. 35432); 63°N -   37°N, 80°W -   43°W				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Northwest Atlantic:  Labrador, Canada to Delaware, USA.
				
				
			
			
				
					Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
				
				
				
					Geschlechtsreife: Lm 28.8  range ? - ? cm
 Max length : 110 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 7251); max. veröff. Gewicht: 5.4 kg (Ref. 4926); max. veröff. Alter: 18 Jahre (Ref. 796)				
				 
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Benthic; feeds on worms, crustaceans, molluscs, sea squirts, sea urchins and fishes (Ref. 58426).			
			 
			
			
			
				
				
				
				Eggs are laid in gelatinous masses guarded by one or both parents until hatching (Ref. 35432). However, more recent evidence suggests that care is provided by the female alone (Ref. 104883).				
				 
			
			 
				
				
				
					Anderson, M.E., 1994. Systematics and osteology of the Zoarcidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyol. Bull. J.L.B. Smith Inst. Ichthyol. 60:120 p. (Ref. 11954)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						IUCN Rote Liste Status   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
					
											
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Bedrohung für Menschen  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					Nutzung durch Menschen  				
				
				
					Fischereien: kommerziell; Aquarium: Kommerziell				
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
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					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				Preferred temperature (Ref. 
123201): 0.4 - 9.5, mean 3 °C (based on 227 cells).
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (Ref. 
82804):  PD
50 = 0.5156   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00186 (0.00121 - 0.00287), b=3.20 (3.07 - 3.33), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body  (Ref. 
93245).
					
					Trophic level  (Ref. 
69278):  4.2   ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.					
						 Generation time: 14.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
 growth studies.					
						Widerstandsfähigkeit  (Ref. 
120179):  niedrig, Verdopplung der Population dauert 4,5 - 14 Jahre. (K=0.08-0.11; tmax=18).					
						 Prior r = 0.09, 95% CL = 0.06 - 0.14, Based on 2 full stock assessments.					
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  High to very high vulnerability (67 of 100). 
🛈					
					Climate Vulnerability  (Ref. 
125649):  High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100). 
🛈					
						Nutrients  (Ref. 
124155):  Calcium = 21 [13, 34] mg/100g; Iron = 0.251 [0.157, 0.407] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [15, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.436 [0.268, 0.701] g/100g; Selenium = 21.5 [11.0, 41.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.16 [3.35, 25.13] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.458 [0.342, 0.634] mg/100g (wet weight);