| Main Ref. | Steimle, F.W., W.W. Morse, P.L. Berrien, D.L. Johnson and C.A. Zetlin, 1999 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | internal (oviduct) |
| Mating type | monogamy: |
| Spawning frequency | |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Batch spawner | Ref. |
| Reproductive guild |
guarders nesters |
| Parental Care | maternal |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Eggs are laid in gelatinous masses guarded by one or both parents until hatching (Ref. 35432). However, more recent evidence suggests that care is provided by the female alone (Ref. 104883). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |