Fish species numbers in the FishBase classification list


     The classification schema above genus level is limited in FishBase to classes, orders, families and subfamilies ranks (the latter not yet displayed). It has the advantage to keep it simple; it has the disadvantage to ignore some important clades in fish phylogeny like Chondrichthyes, Teleostei, Acanthomorpha, Percomorpha.

     In general, it follows Nelson's Fishes of the World (2006) with the noticeable exception of Elasmobranchii and Holocephali being elevated to class rank But at family level, FishBase may follow Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes that is updated more frequently to integrate new stable groupings.

     Number of taxa from Orders to Species are given for what they are, a useful tool for information and database management. The design of some analyses (so-called Biodiversity analyses) that uses these numbers must be carefully assessed before processing (see footnote for some critical points).

     Catalog of Fishes gives also number of species, including available names in the sense of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which we don't have. Possible discrepancies between the species and genera numbers are explained in Bailly (2010). As Catalog of Fishes is updated ahead of FishBase, the numbers given there are in general more accurate.

     Wiley and Johnson published a new classification for Teleostei (2010). They propose to stabilize several hypotheses published recently or some (long) time ago by listing the known evidences (synapomorphies). FishBase will follow this new arrangement as soon as the ichthyological community endorses it, e.g., as published in a next version of Fishes of the World. In the meantime, to avoid confusion for non-specialists, we hold on the current one.

Note that the numbers of species given below does not take into account subspecies.

Total count of Genera: 5222
Total count of Species: 35626


Number of Valid
Kingdom Phylum
Class
#6
Order
#93
Family
#623
Orders Families Genera Species
Animalia
Chordata
Myxini 1 1 6 88
Myxiniformes 1 6 88
Myxinidae 6 88
Petromyzonti 1 3 10 48
Petromyzontiformes 3 10 48
Petromyzontidae 8 43
Geotriidae 1 2
Mordaciidae 1 3
Elasmobranchii 13 64 213 1281
Hexanchiformes 2 4 7
Hexanchidae 3 5
Chlamydoselachidae 1 2
Heterodontiformes 1 1 10
Heterodontidae 1 10
Orectolobiformes 7 13 45
Rhincodontidae 1 1
Parascylliidae 2 8
Brachaeluridae 1 2
Orectolobidae 3 12
Hemiscylliidae 2 17
Stegostomatidae 1 1
Ginglymostomatidae 3 4
Lamniformes 8 10 16
Mitsukurinidae 1 1
Carchariidae 1 2
Odontaspididae 1 2
Pseudocarchariidae 1 1
Megachasmidae 1 1
Alopiidae 1 3
Cetorhinidae 1 1
Lamnidae 3 5
Carcharhiniformes 11 52 304
Pentanchidae 11 114
Scyliorhinidae 4 39
Atelomycteridae 3 13
Proscylliidae 3 7
Pseudotriakidae 3 5
Leptochariidae 1 1
Triakidae 9 46
Hemigaleidae 4 8
Carcharhinidae 11 59
Galeocerdonidae 1 1
Sphyrnidae 2 11
Squaliformes 6 22 143
Dalatiidae 7 10
Etmopteridae 4 52
Somniosidae 6 17
Oxynotidae 1 5
Centrophoridae 2 19
Squalidae 2 40
Echinorhiniformes 1 1 2
Echinorhinidae 1 2
Pristiophoriformes 1 2 10
Pristiophoridae 2 10
Squatiniformes 1 1 26
Squatinidae 1 26
Torpediniformes 5 16 73
Platyrhinidae 2 5
Narkidae 6 12
Narcinidae 5 31
Hypnidae 1 1
Torpedinidae 2 24
Rhinopristiformes 5 13 76
Trygonorrhinidae 3 8
Rhinobatidae 4 40
Rhinidae 3 11
Glaucostegidae 1 10
Pristidae 2 7
Rajiformes 4 40 312
Rajidae 18 164
Arhynchobatidae 14 113
Gurgesiellidae 3 19
Anacanthobatidae 5 16
Myliobatiformes 12 38 257
Zanobatidae 1 2
Hexatrygonidae 1 1
Dasyatidae 19 107
Potamotrygonidae 5 40
Urotrygonidae 2 20
Gymnuridae 1 16
Plesiobatidae 1 1
Urolophidae 3 28
Aetobatidae 1 5
Myliobatidae 2 19
Rhinopteridae 1 7
Mobulidae 1 11
Holocephali 1 3 6 55
Chimaeriformes 3 6 55
Callorhinchidae 1 3
Chimaeridae 2 44
Rhinochimaeridae 3 8
Cladistii 1 1 2 14
Polypteriformes 1 2 14
Polypteridae 2 14
Chondrostei 1 2 6 27
Acipenseriformes 2 6 27
Acipenseridae 4 25
Polyodontidae 2 2
Holostei 2 2 3 8
Lepisosteiformes 1 2 7
Lepisosteidae 2 7
Amiiformes 1 1 1
Amiidae 1 1
Teleostei 71 543 4972 34097
Elopiformes 2 2 9
Elopidae 1 7
Megalopidae 1 2
Albuliformes 1 3 13
Albulidae 3 13
Notacanthiformes 2 7 28
Halosauridae 3 16
Notacanthidae 4 12
Anguilliformes 16 155 973
Protanguillidae 1 1
Synaphobranchidae 12 45
Heterenchelyidae 2 8
Myrocongridae 1 5
Muraenidae 16 212
Chlopsidae 8 25
Colocongridae 1 9
Derichthyidae 2 3
Ophichthidae 61 338
Muraenesocidae 6 15
Nettastomatidae 7 44
Congridae 29 214
Moringuidae 2 15
Nemichthyidae 3 9
Serrivomeridae 2 10
Anguillidae 2 20
Saccopharyngiformes 5 5 28
Cyematidae 1 1
Monognathidae 1 15
Neocyematidae 1 1
Eurypharyngidae 1 1
Saccopharyngidae 1 10
Hiodontiformes 1 1 2
Hiodontidae 1 2
Osteoglossiformes 6 31 255
Pantodontidae 1 1
Arapaimidae 2 5
Osteoglossidae 2 6
Notopteridae 4 10
Mormyridae 21 232
Gymnarchidae 1 1
Clupeiformes 10 85 430
Denticipitidae 1 1
Spratelloididae 2 8
Clupeidae 7 15
Dorosomatidae 30 115
Ehiravidae 11 31
Alosidae 4 32
Dussumieriidae 2 14
Engraulidae 18 174
Chirocentridae 1 2
Pristigasteridae 9 38
Alepocephaliformes 2 33 143
Alepocephalidae 20 103
Platytroctidae 13 40
Gonorynchiformes 4 7 38
Chanidae 1 1
Gonorynchidae 1 5
Kneriidae 4 31
Phractolaemidae 1 1
Cypriniformes 23 500 4639
Gyrinocheilidae 1 3
Catostomidae 13 79
Botiidae 8 61
Vaillantellidae 1 3
Cobitidae 21 227
Barbuccidae 1 2
Gastromyzontidae 19 147
Serpenticobitidae 1 3
Balitoridae 17 109
Ellopostomatidae 1 2
Nemacheilidae 41 729
Paedocyprididae 1 3
Psilorhynchidae 1 29
Cyprinidae 156 1727
Sundadanionidae 2 9
Danionidae 39 370
Leptobarbidae 1 5
Xenocyprididae 45 160
Tincidae 1 1
Acheilognathidae 7 75
Gobionidae 29 217
Tanichthyidae 1 6
Leuciscidae 93 672
Characiformes 24 289 2244
Citharinidae 3 8
Distichodontidae 16 109
Crenuchidae 12 97
Alestidae 20 122
Hepsetidae 1 6
Tarumaniidae 1 1
Erythrinidae 3 18
Parodontidae 3 32
Cynodontidae 3 8
Serrasalmidae 17 102
Hemiodontidae 5 31
Anostomidae 15 162
Chilodontidae 2 8
Curimatidae 8 107
Prochilodontidae 3 21
Lebiasinidae 7 77
Ctenoluciidae 2 7
Chalceidae 1 8
Triportheidae 5 23
Gasteropelecidae 3 9
Bryconidae 4 49
Iguanodectidae 3 32
Acestrorhynchidae 7 26
Characidae 145 1181
Gymnotiformes 5 34 252
Gymnotidae 2 45
Apteronotidae 14 95
Sternopygidae 6 47
Hypopomidae 9 48
Rhamphichthyidae 3 17
Siluriformes 39 507 3961
Nematogenyidae 1 1
Trichomycteridae 43 308
Callichthyidae 8 215
Loricariidae 119 998
Scoloplacidae 1 6
Astroblepidae 1 81
Diplomystidae 2 7
Cetopsidae 5 43
Chacidae 2 5
Plotosidae 10 42
Ailiidae 5 17
Horabagridae 2 7
Bagridae 21 242
Akysidae 5 57
Amblycipitidae 4 40
Sisoridae 25 278
Pangasiidae 4 29
Siluridae 12 107
Kryptoglanidae 1 1
Aspredinidae 13 47
Auchenipteridae 25 127
Doradidae 31 97
Heptapteridae 23 218
Phreatobiidae 1 3
Pimelodidae 32 114
Pseudopimelodidae 7 49
Clariidae 16 118
Heteropneustidae 1 5
Ariidae 31 157
Anchariidae 2 6
Austroglanididae 1 3
Cranoglanididae 1 5
Ictaluridae 7 51
Lacantuniidae 1 1
Amphiliidae 13 102
Malapteruridae 2 21
Mochokidae 9 225
Claroteidae 11 82
Schilbeidae 9 46
Lepidogalaxiiformes 1 1 1
Lepidogalaxiidae 1 1
Argentiniformes 4 22 94
Argentinidae 2 28
Microstomatidae 3 21
Bathylagidae 8 23
Opisthoproctidae 9 22
Galaxiiformes 1 7 66
Galaxiidae 7 66
Esociformes 2 4 14
Esocidae 1 7
Umbridae 3 7
Salmoniformes 1 11 226
Salmonidae 11 226
Osmeriformes 4 17 42
Osmeridae 6 15
Plecoglossidae 1 1
Salangidae 7 20
Retropinnidae 3 6
Stomiiformes 4 52 442
Gonostomatidae 8 32
Sternoptychidae 10 78
Phosichthyidae 7 24
Stomiidae 27 308
Ateleopodiformes 1 4 14
Ateleopodidae 4 14
Aulopiformes 17 46 289
Aulopidae 4 15
Synodontidae 4 81
Pseudotrichonotidae 1 4
Paraulopidae 1 14
Chlorophthalmidae 2 21
Ipnopidae 5 31
Bathysauroididae 1 1
Scopelarchidae 5 18
Notosudidae 3 17
Giganturidae 1 2
Bathysauridae 1 2
Paralepididae 8 32
Anotopteridae 1 3
Evermannellidae 3 8
Omosudidae 1 1
Alepisauridae 1 2
Lestidiidae 4 37
Myctophiformes 2 37 256
Neoscopelidae 3 6
Myctophidae 34 250
Lampriformes 6 11 24
Lampridae 1 2
Veliferidae 2 2
Lophotidae 2 5
Radiicephalidae 1 2
Trachipteridae 3 10
Regalecidae 2 3
Percopsiformes 3 7 10
Percopsidae 1 2
Aphredoderidae 1 1
Amblyopsidae 5 7
Zeiformes 6 16 33
Cyttidae 1 3
Oreosomatidae 4 10
Parazenidae 3 4
Zeniontidae 3 7
Grammicolepididae 3 3
Zeidae 2 6
Stylephoriformes 1 1 1
Stylephoridae 1 1
Gadiformes 17 84 633
Bregmacerotidae 1 16
Phycidae 2 11
Gaidropsaridae 3 18
Lotidae 3 5
Gadidae 11 22
Ranicipitidae 1 1
Merlucciidae 2 17
Euclichthyidae 1 3
Muraenolepididae 2 9
Melanonidae 1 2
Trachyrincidae 4 9
Moridae 19 110
Macruronidae 1 4
Lyconidae 1 2
Bathygadidae 2 26
Steindachneriidae 1 1
Macrouridae 29 377
Polymixiiformes 1 1 10
Polymixiidae 1 10
Beryciformes 8 31 121
Berycidae 2 10
Melamphaidae 5 71
Stephanoberycidae 4 4
Hispidoberycidae 1 1
Gibberichthyidae 1 2
Rondeletiidae 1 2
Barbourisiidae 1 1
Cetomimidae 16 30
Trachichthyiformes 5 20 71
Monocentridae 2 5
Trachichthyidae 8 51
Anomalopidae 6 9
Diretmidae 3 4
Anoplogastridae 1 2
Holocentriformes 1 8 90
Holocentridae 8 90
Ophidiiformes 4 121 559
Ophidiidae 50 275
Carapidae 8 37
Bythitidae 38 133
Dinematichthyidae 25 114
Batrachoidiformes 1 23 83
Batrachoididae 23 83
Scombriformes 16 76 279
Amarsipidae 1 1
Nomeidae 3 16
Ariommatidae 1 7
Stromateidae 3 17
Pomatomidae 1 1
Centrolophidae 7 31
Icosteidae 1 1
Arripidae 1 4
Tetragonuridae 1 3
Chiasmodontidae 4 32
Scombridae 15 54
Caristiidae 4 19
Bramidae 7 20
Scombrolabracidae 1 1
Gempylidae 16 26
Trichiuridae 10 46
Syngnathiformes 5 67 331
Aulostomidae 1 3
Fistulariidae 1 4
Centriscidae 5 12
Solenostomidae 1 6
Syngnathidae 59 306
Dactylopteriformes 2 4 13
Pegasidae 2 6
Dactylopteridae 2 7
Callionymiformes 2 18 212
Callionymidae 16 197
Draconettidae 2 15
Mulliformes 1 6 100
Mullidae 6 100
Kurtiformes 2 40 366
Kurtidae 1 2
Apogonidae 39 364
Gobiiformes 13 320 2313
Trichonotidae 1 10
Rhyacichthyidae 2 3
Odontobutidae 6 23
Oxudercidae 10 42
Eleotridae 21 139
Butidae 11 48
Milyeringidae 2 6
Thalasseleotrididae 2 3
Gobiidae 243 1914
Kraemeriidae 2 9
Microdesmidae 13 91
Xenisthmidae 6 16
Schindleriidae 1 9
Synbranchiformes 4 14 126
Mastacembelidae 3 88
Chaudhuriidae 6 10
Indostomidae 1 3
Synbranchidae 4 25
Anabantiformes 8 26 265
Anabantidae 4 33
Helostomatidae 1 1
Osphronemidae 14 134
Aenigmachannidae 1 1
Channidae 2 46
Nandidae 1 7
Badidae 2 35
Pristolepididae 1 8
Carangaria/misc 8 17 109
Latidae 3 14
Centropomidae 1 13
Lactariidae 1 1
Sphyraenidae 1 29
Leptobramidae 1 2
Toxotidae 1 7
Menidae 1 1
Polynemidae 8 42
Pleuronectiformes 16 129 821
Psettodidae 1 3
Citharidae 4 6
Scophthalmidae 3 9
Bothidae 20 172
Paralichthyidae 10 65
Cyclopsettidae 4 46
Pleuronectidae 25 62
Achiridae 7 35
Paralichthodidae 1 1
Rhombosoleidae 8 20
Achiropsettidae 4 4
Oncopteridae 1 1
Samaridae 4 30
Poecilopsettidae 3 21
Soleidae 31 185
Cynoglossidae 3 161
Carangiformes 7 51 171
Nematistiidae 1 1
Carangidae 39 147
Echeneidae 3 8
Rachycentridae 1 1
Coryphaenidae 1 2
Istiophoridae 5 11
Xiphiidae 1 1
Cichliformes 2 243 1788
Cichlidae 242 1786
Pholidichthyidae 1 2
Atheriniformes 11 52 383
Atherinopsidae 13 114
Atherinidae 14 69
Atherionidae 1 3
Bedotiidae 2 16
Isonidae 1 5
Melanotaeniidae 7 114
Phallostethidae 4 23
Dentatherinidae 1 1
Pseudomugilidae 3 19
Telmatherinidae 5 18
Notocheiridae 1 1
Cyprinodontiformes 14 141 1414
Aplocheilidae 2 14
Nothobranchiidae 12 304
Rivulidae 38 459
Pantanodontidae 1 2
Fundulidae 3 44
Cyprinodontidae 9 103
Profundulidae 2 10
Goodeidae 18 51
Fluviphylacidae 1 7
Poeciliidae 29 274
Anablepidae 3 19
Aphaniidae 8 45
Valenciidae 1 3
Procatopodidae 14 79
Beloniformes 6 34 286
Adrianichthyidae 2 38
Scomberesocidae 2 5
Belonidae 10 47
Exocoetidae 7 71
Hemiramphidae 8 61
Zenarchopteridae 5 64
Mugiliformes 1 26 78
Mugilidae 26 78
Gobiesociformes 1 53 184
Gobiesocidae 53 184
Blenniiformes 6 153 940
Tripterygiidae 29 180
Labrisomidae 16 123
Clinidae 26 89
Chaenopsidae 14 98
Dactyloscopidae 9 48
Blenniidae 59 402
Ovalentaria/misc 8 96 822
Ambassidae 8 51
Embiotocidae 13 24
Grammatidae 2 18
Opistognathidae 4 95
Plesiopidae 12 51
Polycentridae 4 5
Pomacentridae 29 424
Pseudochromidae 24 154
Acanthuriformes 13 55 450
Lobotidae 3 15
Pomacanthidae 8 91
Drepaneidae 1 3
Ephippidae 8 15
Chaetodontidae 12 136
Leiognathidae 10 52
Scatophagidae 2 4
Antigoniidae 1 18
Siganidae 1 29
Caproidae 1 1
Luvaridae 1 1
Zanclidae 1 1
Acanthuridae 6 84
Lophiiformes 21 74 395
Lophiidae 4 30
Antennariidae 6 32
Histiophrynidae 7 15
Tathicarpidae 1 1
Tetrabrachiidae 2 2
Lophichthyidae 1 1
Rhycheridae 1 2
Brachionichthyidae 5 14
Chaunacidae 2 33
Ogcocephalidae 10 88
Caulophrynidae 2 5
Neoceratiidae 1 1
Melanocetidae 1 6
Himantolophidae 1 22
Diceratiidae 2 7
Oneirodidae 16 71
Centrophrynidae 1 1
Ceratiidae 2 4
Thaumatichthyidae 2 9
Gigantactinidae 2 24
Linophrynidae 5 27
Tetraodontiformes 10 106 448
Triodontidae 1 1
Triacanthodidae 11 23
Triacanthidae 4 7
Aracanidae 6 13
Ostraciidae 7 25
Diodontidae 7 18
Tetraodontidae 28 205
Monacanthidae 27 109
Balistidae 12 42
Molidae 3 5
Centrarchiformes 21 78 297
Percichthyidae 8 22
Perciliidae 1 2
Terapontidae 16 59
Kuhliidae 1 12
Dichistiidae 1 2
Oplegnathidae 1 7
Kyphosidae 2 16
Girellidae 2 21
Scorpididae 4 11
Microcanthidae 4 6
Parascorpididae 1 1
Centrarchidae 8 38
Elassomatidae 1 7
Enoplosidae 1 1
Sinipercidae 2 14
Aplodactylidae 1 5
Cheilodactylidae 1 2
Chironemidae 1 6
Cirrhitidae 12 33
Latridae 9 30
Percalatidae 1 2
Acropomatiformes 21 60 301
Leptoscopidae 3 5
Champsodontidae 1 13
Hemerocoetidae 8 27
Creediidae 8 19
Glaucosomatidae 1 4
Pempheridae 2 80
Lateolabracidae 1 2
Synagropidae 4 17
Dinolestidae 1 1
Malakichthyidae 3 16
Polyprionidae 1 2
Stereolepididae 1 2
Bathyclupeidae 2 10
Banjosidae 1 3
Pentacerotidae 7 13
Ostracoberycidae 1 3
Epigonidae 7 46
Symphysanodontidae 2 13
Howellidae 3 9
Scombropidae 1 3
Acropomatidae 2 13
Eupercaria/misc 22 282 1776
Moronidae 2 6
Dinopercidae 2 2
Centrogenyidae 1 1
Callanthiidae 2 18
Priacanthidae 4 21
Sillaginidae 5 36
Malacanthidae 2 16
Latilidae 3 29
Emmelichthyidae 3 18
Lutjanidae 17 113
Caesionidae 4 23
Gerreidae 8 53
Haemulidae 21 138
Sparidae 38 162
Lethrinidae 5 42
Nemipteridae 5 73
Sciaenidae 69 298
Monodactylidae 2 6
Cepolidae 3 46
Labridae 70 563
Odacidae 6 12
Scaridae 10 100
Perciformes/Percoidei 3 14 249
Percidae 11 239
Trachinidae 2 9
Niphonidae 1 1
Perciformes/Zoarcoidei 14 108 410
Zoarcidae 57 292
Anarhichadidae 2 5
Neozoarcidae 2 10
Eulophiidae 3 5
Stichaeidae 18 45
Lumpenidae 8 11
Opisthocentridae 6 12
Pholidae 4 15
Ptilichthyidae 1 1
Zaproridae 1 1
Cryptacanthodidae 1 4
Cebidichthyidae 1 1
Scytalinidae 1 1
Bathymasteridae 3 7
Perciformes/Bembropoidei 1 2 23
Bembropidae 2 23
Perciformes/Percophoidei 1 1 1
Percophidae 1 1
Perciformes/Notothenioidei 8 46 159
Bovichtidae 3 11
Pseudaphritidae 1 2
Eleginopidae 1 1
Nototheniidae 13 56
Harpagiferidae 1 12
Artedidraconidae 5 35
Bathydraconidae 11 17
Channichthyidae 11 25
Perciformes/Uranoscopoidei 5 24 188
Trichodontidae 2 2
Ammodytidae 7 34
Uranoscopidae 7 57
Pinguipedidae 7 94
Cheimarrichthyidae 1 1
Perciformes/Serranoidei 6 74 588
Serranidae 12 101
Anthiadidae 31 243
Epinephelidae 16 170
Grammistidae 8 32
Liopropomatidae 6 41
Caesioscorpididae 1 1
Perciformes/Scorpaenoidei 21 133 832
Sebastidae 7 133
Setarchidae 4 11
Neosebastidae 2 18
Scorpaenidae 25 233
Apistidae 3 3
Tetrarogidae 17 44
Synanceiidae 9 40
Eschmeyeridae 1 1
Perryenidae 1 1
Aploactinidae 17 50
Pataecidae 3 3
Gnathanacanthidae 1 1
Congiopodidae 1 6
Zanclorhynchidae 2 3
Bembridae 5 12
Plectrogeniidae 1 2
Hoplichthyidae 1 14
Platycephalidae 18 82
Triglidae 8 129
Peristediidae 6 45
Normanichthyidae 1 1
Perciformes/Gasterosteoidei 3 8 23
Hypoptychidae 2 2
Gasterosteidae 5 20
Aulorhynchidae 1 1
Perciformes/Cottoidei 10 158 862
Anoplopomatidae 2 2
Zaniolepididae 2 3
Hexagrammidae 3 9
Rhamphocottidae 3 4
Jordaniidae 3 3
Cottidae 72 293
Psychrolutidae 10 40
Agonidae 24 54
Cyclopteridae 7 29
Liparidae 32 425
Coelacanthi 1 1 1 2
Coelacanthiformes 1 1 2
Latimeriidae 1 2
Dipneusti 1 3 3 6
Ceratodontiformes 3 3 6
Neoceratodontidae 1 1
Lepidosirenidae 1 1
Protopteridae 1 4


Footnote: Minelli makes a definitive point about ranking as being an arbitrary and subjective decision: "The main difficulty resides in determining whether two clades in distant parts of the phylogenetic tree deserve [being] acknowledged [at] the same rank or not." (Minelli, 2009:11). "But all this amounts to counting fruit by adding apples and cherries." (Minelli, 2009:12). In other words, if counting orders, families, and genera in a narrow context (e.g., number of genera in subfamilies of the same family) may be locally sensible (within a phylogenetic tree / classification), counting families across classes or orders is most often irrelevant: for instance, why assigning clown-fishes only the subfamily rank (Pomacentridae: Amphiprioninae) while the Moorish idol has a family of its own (Zanclidae), and not a subfamily in Acanthuridae?

References:

Bailly, N., 2010. Why there may be discrepancies in the assessment of scientific names between the Catalog of Fishes and FishBase. Electronic document. [Version 2, May 6th, 2010]. //www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/FBCofFNames.php

Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.). Catalog of Fishes. Successive updated online versions http://research.calacademy.org/research/Ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp.

Eschmeyer, W.N. and J.D. Fong. Species of Fishes by family/subfamily. Successive updated online versions. http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp.

Minelli, A., 2009. Perspectives in animal phylogeny. Oxford University Press.

Nelson, J.S., 2006. Fishes of the World. 4th ed. Hoboken (New Jersey, USA): John Wiley & Sons. xix+601 p. [Ref. 58010]

Wiley, E.O. and G.D. Johnson, 2010. pp. 123-182. A teleost classification based on monophyletic groups. In: Origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of Teleosts. Honoring Gloria Arratia. Proceedings of the International Symposium at the ASIH Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Missouri, 2007. (Nelson et al., eds). München (Germany): Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. [Ref. 84927]

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