分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
真鯊目 (Ground sharks) >
Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
丫髻鮫科 (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Probable misspelling of sphyra (Gr.), hammer, referring to their hammer-shaped heads. (See ETYFish); mokarran: Arabic vernacular for this shark, described from the Red Sea, possibly from mogharn, horned, referring to the shape of its head. (See ETYFish).
More on author: Rüppell.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 300 m (Ref. 37816), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref. 89972). 亞熱帶的; 40°N - 37°S, 180°W - 180°E
Circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 13562). Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA to Uruguay, including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean and Morocco to Senegal. Indo-Pacific: throughout the Indian Ocean; Ryukyu Islands to New Caledonia and French Polynesia. Eastern Pacific: southern Baja California, Mexico to Peru. Highly migratory species.
環球分佈於海岸的暖溫帶與熱帶的海洋.(參考文獻 13562) 西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到烏拉圭, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。 東大西洋: 地中海與摩洛哥到塞內加爾。 印度-太平洋: 在印度洋各處; 琉球群島到新加勒多尼亞與法屬玻里尼西亞。 東太平洋: 墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部到祕魯。 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 249.5, range 210 - 300 cm
Max length : 610 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 244); common length : 370 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 13562); 最大體重: 449.5 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 30 年 (Ref. 116211)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 0; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 0. A very large hammerhead also with a notch at the center of the head (Ref. 5578). Front margin of head gently curved in juveniles, becoming nearly straight in adults, with slight median notch (Ref. 26938). 1st dorsal fin very high and curved; 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins high and with deeply concave rear margins. Light grey or grey-brown above, white below; fins without conspicuous markings (Ref. 5578).
非常大的 hammerhead 在頭部的中心也有一個凹槽。 (參考文獻 5578) 逐漸地在稚魚, 變成幾乎是直當成魚時, 被彎曲的頭部的前緣有輕微的中央凹槽。 (參考文獻 26938) 第一背鰭很高的而且彎曲; 第二背鰭與腹鰭高的而且深深地具有凹的後緣。 淺灰色或背面灰褐色的, 腹面白色的; 沒有顯著的斑紋的鰭.(參考文獻 5578)
A coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic shark, found close inshore and well offshore, over the continental shelves, island terraces, and in passes and lagoons (Ref. 244, 58302). Often bottom and reef associated at 1-80 m (Ref. 58302). Prefers to feed on stingrays and other batoids, groupers and sea catfishes, but also preys on other small bony fishes, crabs, squid, other sharks, rays, and lobsters (Ref. 244, 13562, 1602). A viviparous species, with 13-42 of about 56 to 70 cm young in a litter (Ref. 26938, 1602). Potentially dangerous to people (Ref. 13562) but only few, if any, of the attacks on people can be definitely attributed to it because of the apparent difficulty of distinguishing large hammerhead species involved in attacks (Ref. 244). Caught occasionally by target shark longline, demersal tangle net and tuna gillnet fisheries (Ref.58048). Meat utilized for human consumption (fresh, fresh-frozen, dried-salted, and smoked), liver oil for vitamins, fins for soup, hides for leather, and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Its large fins, including the tail, sail-like first dorsal fin, are prized in the Oriental sharkfin trade (Ref. 47737).
沿岸及大洋性, 半-大洋性的鯊魚，被發現的近岸與相當外海, 遍及大陸棚，島成梯形地, 與在海峽與潟湖中.(參考文獻 244,58302) 時常底部，而且礁在 1-80 公尺聯合。 (參考文獻 58302) 偏愛覓食魟與其他的鰩，鱸科魚類與海洋鯰魚, 也捕食其他的小硬骨魚類，螃蟹，烏賊，其他的鯊魚，魟與龍蝦.(參考文獻 244,13562,1602) 一個胎生的種, 與大約 56 到 70 公分中的 13-42 幼魚在一胎。 (參考文獻 26938,1602) 對人類可能有危險性 (參考文獻 13562) 但是唯一的很少, 如果任何的, 對人的攻擊可能是歸因於它明確的由於區分被關係到攻擊的大的 hammerhead 種的明顯困難.(參考文獻 244) 肉供人類消費使用. (生鮮魚肉，生鮮冷凍，乾燥鹽醃, 而且煙燻), 肝油用於維他命，鰭用於湯，皮用做皮革與殘骸用於魚粉.(參考文獻 244) 它的大鰭, 包括尾部 , 帆狀的第一背鰭, 在東方的魚翅貿易方面被珍視。 (參考文獻 47737)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Viviparous with a yolk sac placenta and 13-42 young in a litter (Ref. 244); 6-42 pups after gestation period of ~11 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth between 50 to 70 cm TL (Ref.58048, Ref. 13562).環球分佈於海岸的暖溫帶與熱帶的海洋.(參考文獻 13562) 西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州到烏拉圭, 包括墨西哥灣與加勒比海。 東大西洋: 地中海與摩洛哥到塞內加爾。 印度-太平洋: 在印度洋各處; 琉球群島到新加勒多尼亞與法屬玻里尼西亞。 東太平洋: 墨西哥的下加利福尼亞南部到祕魯。 高度遷移的種,1982年海事法會議的附件一.(參考文獻 26139)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
極危 (CR) (A2bd); Date assessed: 09 November 2018
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.3 - 28.9, mean 27.2 °C (based on 4410 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00229 (0.00133 - 0.00396), b=3.10 (2.94 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=30; tm=8.2; Fec=13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 6.09 [1.31, 34.08] mg/100g; Iron = 0.597 [0.148, 1.835] mg/100g; Protein = 20.7 [18.6, 22.9] %; Omega3 = 0.168 [0.066, 0.417] g/100g; Selenium = 33.5 [10.8, 93.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.93 [1.58, 16.43] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.393 [0.195, 0.737] mg/100g (wet weight);
