Epinephelus hexagonatus, Starspotted grouper : fisheries, gamefish

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Epinephelus hexagonatus (Forster, 1801)

Starspotted grouper
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Epinephelus hexagonatus   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Epinephelus hexagonatus (Starspotted grouper)
Epinephelus hexagonatus
Picture by Randall, J.E.

分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(, ) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forster.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学

海洋 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 0 - 30 m (Ref. 4319), usually 6 - ? m (Ref. 37816). 熱帶; 33°N - 31°S, 30°E - 130°W (Ref. 5222)

分布 国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

Indo-West Pacific: none have been taken on the African coast, except for the specimen recorded by Randall and Heemstra 1991(Ref. 4787) from Kenyan coast north of Kilifi Creek. It is an insular species found in most tropical Indo-Pacific islands. Absent in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
印度-西太平洋: 沒有曾經採自非洲海岸, 除了從 Kilifi 小溪肯亞海岸北方被記錄 Randall 與 Heemstra 1991(參考文獻 4787) 的標本。 它是被發現於大多數的熱帶印度-太平洋的島的一個島嶼魚種。 不存在於紅海與波斯灣。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄

Maturity: Lm 19.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 27.5 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 48600)

简单描述 型态特徵 | 形态测量图

背棘 (总数): 11; 背的软条 (总数): 15-17; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth 2.8-3.5 in SL (10-17 cm SL individuals); head length 2.5-2.6 in SL; preopercle rounded, ventral serrae slightly enlarged; upper edge of operculum convex; midlateral part of lower jaw with 3-5 rows of teeth; gill rakers of first gill arch 7-9 + 17-19; dorsal spines 5th-9th subequal (2.5-2.8 in HL); second anal spine 2.1-2.5 in HL, distinctly longer than third spine or depth of peduncle; caudal fin rounded; pectoral-fin rays 17-19, fin length 1.6-1.9 in HL; pelvic fins 1.8-2.1 in HL; lateral-line scales 61-70; lateral scale series 93 to 114. Colour: head and body covered with polygonal (mostly hexagonal) brown spots that tend to merge, leaving only conspicuous triangular white dots at corners of the polygons; dark spots on belly and ventral part of head more rounded and separated, and often reddish brown; 4 or 5 brownish black saddle blotches (formed by groups of darker spots) on dorsal part of body and caudal peduncle, the first 4 extending onto base of dorsal fin; irregular dark bar, formed by darker polygonal spots, on lower part of body below each saddle blotch; large brown or olive spot just behind eye, often joined to similar spot on opercle; fins with close-set dark brown or reddish brown spots and white dots, except distal half of pectoral fins with faint dark spots and no white dots; pelvic and anal fins with pale edge and dark brown submarginal band; interspinous dorsal-fin membranes with dark brown triangle and short white or pale yellow filament behind tip of each spine (Ref. 39231, 90102).
小的但是在垂直的鳍与所有的身体的褐色六角形的角落上的显着的三角形的白色斑点除腹面; 四到六个黑色斑块沿着背鳍基底。 (参考文献 37816)

生物学特性     字汇 (例如 epibenthic)

Common in exposed outer-reef areas in relatively shallow water. Well-camouflaged grouper, solitary (Ref 37816). Feeds mainly on fishes and crustaceans (stomatopods and brachyuran crabs) (Ref. 5222). This fish is too small to be of commercial importance except as a food fish in artisanal fisheries. It is caught with hook-and-line, traps, spear, and gill nets (Ref. 39231).

在相当浅的水常见于裸露的外围礁石区域。 善于伪装鲈科鱼类,独居性 (参考文献 37816). 主要吃鱼与甲壳动物 (口足目甲壳类与十足目螃蟹) 。 (参考文献 5222)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼

印度-西太平洋: 沒有曾經採自非洲海岸, 除了從 Kilifi 小溪肯亞海岸北方被記錄 Randall 與 Heemstra 1991(參考文獻 4787) 的標本。 它是被發現於大多數的熱帶印度-太平洋的島的一個島嶼魚種。 不存在於紅海與波斯灣。

主要参考文献 Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 | 合作者

Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)

  最不相关 (LC) ; Date assessed: 28 January 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

对人类的威胁

  无害处的 (Ref. 130160)





人类利用

渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的
FAO - Publication: search | FishSource | 周边海洋

更多信息

俗名
同种异名
新陈代谢
捕食者
生态毒物学
繁殖
成熟度
产卵场
产卵群集
孕卵数

卵的发育
参考文献
养殖
养殖信息
品种
遗传学
Electrophoreses
遗传率
疾病
加工
Nutrients
Mass conversion
合作者
照片
Stamps, Coins Misc.
声音
神经毒
速度
泳型
鳃区
Otoliths
脑重体重比
眼睛色素

工具

特别资料

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网络资源

AFORO (otoliths) | Alien/Invasive Species database | Aquatic Commons | BHL | Cloffa | BOLDSystems | Websites from users | 核实 FishWatcher | CISTI | Catalog of Fishes: , | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO - Publication: search | Faunafri | Fishipedia | Fishtrace | GenBank: 基因组, 核苷酸 | GloBI | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | MitoFish | 国家资料库 | Otolith Atlas of Taiwan Fishes | PubMed | Reef Life Survey | Socotra Atlas | 树状分类阶层 | Wikipedia: 转至, 搜寻 | World Records Freshwater Fishing | 动物学的记录

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 25.1 - 29.3, mean 28.4 °C (based on 2803 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00538 - 0.01694), b=3.00 (2.85 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).
营养阶层 (Ref. 69278):  4.1   ±0.67 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.
回复力 (Ref. 120179):  高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.9).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  Low vulnerability (17 of 100).
价格分类 (Ref. 80766):   Very high.
Nutrients (Ref. 124155):  Calcium = 59 [29, 126] mg/100g; Iron = 0.799 [0.403, 1.710] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.0, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.134 [0.080, 0.220] g/100g; Selenium = 30.6 [15.4, 60.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 247 [61, 950] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.41 [0.91, 2.09] mg/100g (wet weight);