Environment: milieu / climate zone / εύρος βάθους / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά); Υφάλμυρο Υφαλόφιλο(α); εύρος βάθους 8 - 50 m (Ref. 9806). Subtropical; 35°N - 28°S
Southeast Atlantic: off Swakopmund, Namibia (Ref. 11228). Indo-Pacific and Eastern Pacific: South Africa east through Indonesia to the Easter Island and Peru, north to southern Japan, Hawaii, and southern California, south to New Caledonia, New South Wales and Kermadec Islands (Ref. 8879).
Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 34.0 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 583)
Short description
Κλείδες προσδιορισμού | Μορφολογία | Μορφομετρία
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά) : 0; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά) : 9; Εδρικές άκανθες: 0; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 9. Small spine on back and short spines before eyes (Ref. 3141). Caudal fin rays 10 (Ref. 1602).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep.
Inhabit coral and rocky reefs of coastal areas (Ref. 9806, 48637). Also common on offshore sand and mudflats (Ref. 48637). Young fish occur in oceanic waters, at or near the surface (Ref. 2850); semi-transparent young may enter estuaries (Ref. 3141). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Feed on benthic invertebrates (Ref. 9806). A large number of juveniles were found in the stomachs of flatheads (Ref. 48637).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Γεννητική Ωρίμανση | Αναπαραγωγή | Γεννοβολία | Αβγά | Γονιμότητα | Προνύμφες
Matsuura, K., 2001. Ostraciidae. Boxfishes. p. 3948-3951. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9806)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Threat to humans
Venomous
Human uses
αλιεία: χωρίς ενδιαφέρον; Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
Special reports
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Αναφ.
123201): 22.3 - 29, mean 27.7 °C (based on 844 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Αναφ.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03548 (0.01723 - 0.07305), b=2.81 (2.62 - 3.00), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Αναφ.
69278): 3.3 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Αναφ.
120179): Υψηλό, ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού < 15 μήνες (Fec assumed to be > 10,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 26.6 [10.0, 92.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.618 [0.303, 1.438] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [17.0, 21.4] %; Omega3 = 0.184 [0.091, 0.354] g/100g; Selenium = 16.9 [7.0, 38.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 27.5 [6.9, 127.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.88 [0.55, 1.41] mg/100g (wet weight);
