Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 0 - 60 m (Ref. 128797). Tropical; 32°N - 32°S, 30°E - 132°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea south to Natal, South Africa (Ref. 4420) and east to the Line, Marquesan and Tuamoto islands, north to southern Japan, south to the southern Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 15.7, range 8 - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 2334); common length : 26.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 5450)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 3; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 24 - 27; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 20 - 24. This species is distinguished by the following characters: front of eye without the elongate groove; enlarged scales above the pectoral-fin base and just behind the gill opening to form a flexible tympanum; the scales of the caudal peduncle with 2 longitudinal rows of large anterior-projecting spines; the slightly rounded caudal fin with compressed peduncle; head and body colour green to brown with diagonally curved orange lines and a large round black blotch covering most of the caudal-fin base; rays of soft dorsal, anal and pectoral fins orange and also the caudal fin (Ref. 10920, 9770).
Body shape (shape guide): short and / or deep; Cross section: oval.
Adults which are territorial in nature occur in coral-rich areas of deep lagoon and seaward reefs from the lower surge zone to at least 50 meters (Ref. 48637). They feed on a variety of benthic organisms such as algae, echinoderms, fishes, mollusks, tunicates, sponges, and hydrozoans. Eggs are laid as one cluster in a shallow excavation on sand or rubble along channels. (Ref. 1602). Marketed fresh and dried-salted (Ref. 9770).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Spawning behaviour may involve loose aggregations and nesting occurs in channels. The eggs are laid in a single spongy cluster in a shallow excavation in rubble or sand. Hatching occurs at night (Ref. 37816). Nests are guarded by one or at times two adults (Ref. 9778).
Matsuura, K., 2001. Balistidae. Triggerfishes. p. 3911-3928. In K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9770)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
خطر للأنسان
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4420)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; حوض مائي: تجاري
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 25.1 - 29.1, mean 28 °C (based on 1034 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.02884 (0.02323 - 0.03580), b=2.93 (2.87 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 3.4 ±0.42 se; based on food items.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 45.5 [19.1, 112.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.609 [0.316, 1.378] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.3, 20.5] %; Omega3 = 0.118 [0.060, 0.227] g/100g; Selenium = 34.2 [17.9, 70.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 56.4 [16.5, 196.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.07 [0.73, 1.59] mg/100g (wet weight);
