(كوسه ها و سپرماهيان) (sharks and rays) >
Rhinopristiformes (Shovelnose rays) >
Rhinidae (Wedgefishes)
Etymology: Rhynchobatus: Greek, rhingchos = snout + Greek, batis, -idos = a sting ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forsskål.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / تغييرات عمق / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي; لب شور وابسته به آب سنگ; تغييرات عمق 1 - 75 m (Ref. 106604). Tropical; 35°N - 35°S, 22°E - 83°E
Western Indian Ocean: restricted to the Red Sea and the tropical western Indian Ocean to South Africa. Also reported from Persian Gulf (Ref. 68964). Apparently misidentified with closely related species in the northern and eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific (however, Ref. 5978 seems to present a reliable record from western Indonesia).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
بلوغ: Lm ?, range 177 - ? cm
Max length : 310 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 5578); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 227.0 kg (Ref. 3919)
A large guitarfish with large black eyespots on the pectoral bases, a distinctive black cross between the eyes, and rows of small white spots on the upper body; snout pointed and lower caudal lobe short (Ref. 5578). Olive-green above, white below (Ref. 5578). Mouths small and contain flattened, pavement-like teeth.
Body shape (shape guide): elongated.
Occurs inshore and in shallow estuaries (Ref. 5578). Feeds on crabs, lobsters, bivalves, small fishes (Ref. 5578) and squids (Ref. 37816). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Takes crayfish and pilchard bait. Meat and fins sought after in Asian markets (Ref. 30573).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). With 4 young, about 43-60 cm in length (Ref. 37816), born in the summer (Ref. 3919).
Compagno, L.J.V., 1986. Rhinobatidae. p. 128-131. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 3919)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله; آكواريوم: آکواریوم عمومی
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 24.5 - 29.3, mean 27.1 °C (based on 304 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5024 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00163 - 0.00845), b=3.11 (2.91 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (مرجع
69278): 3.6 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
جهندگی (مرجع
120179): پايين ، كم, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 5/4 – 14 سال (Fec assumed to be <100).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.18 - 0.42, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 7.69 [1.43, 29.34] mg/100g; Iron = 0.324 [0.076, 0.901] mg/100g; Protein = 19.9 [17.7, 22.1] %; Omega3 = 0.0794 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 43.4 [12.2, 120.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.3 [6.7, 58.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.733 [0.359, 1.509] mg/100g (wet weight);
