Issue
Genetic data indicate the presence of cryptic species with partial parapatric distribution. The species Paniliza macrolepis may be limited to West Indian Ocean lineages (Durand & Borsa (2015: Ref. 114224).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري; المياه العذبة; مياه مخلوطة القاع; أسماك نازلة (Ref. 46888); نطاق العمق 10 - ? m (Ref. 40448). Tropical; 32°N - 35°S, 22°E - 136°W
Indo-Pacific: east coast of Africa, south to Eastern Cape in South Africa (Ref. 52193), including Madagascar, Seychelles, Rodriguez; north to Sri Lanka and India (except Bay of Bengal), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, east to Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Japan, Marshall and Tuamoto islands, Melanesia and Polynesia (Ref. 2830). Distribution includes the Red Sea (Ref. 84159) and Persian Gulf (Ref. 66734).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 23.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4967); common length : 26.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 4967); العمر: 6 سنين (Ref. 127264)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 4 - 5; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 8 - 9; شوكة شرجية: 3; أشعه شرجية لينه: 8 - 10.
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Occur in shallow coastal waters, and from brackish water to freshwater regions of rivers (Ref. 41299). Form schools (Ref. 40448); in larger aggregations during spawning, which takes place at sea (Ref. 2830). Feed on small algae, diatoms, forams, benthic polychaetes, crustaceans, mollusks, organic matter and detritus; fry feed on copepods and floating algae (Ref. 40448). Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Caught mainly during the spawning season and is sold fresh; the roe is highly appreciated.
Nakabo, T., 2002. Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species, English edition I. Tokai University Press, Japan, pp v-866. (Ref. 41299)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; الأستزراع المائي: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 24.5 - 29, mean 28 °C (based on 810 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01259 (0.01028 - 0.01542), b=2.94 (2.91 - 2.97), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 2.8 ±0.17 se; based on food items.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (K=0.10; tmax=6;).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (49 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 138 [59, 322] mg/100g; Iron = 1.09 [0.51, 2.31] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.5, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.25 [0.12, 0.56] g/100g; Selenium = 38.3 [18.7, 89.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 17.7 [4.8, 58.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.69 [1.14, 2.55] mg/100g (wet weight);
