Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
; zoet water; brak water benthopelagisch; pH range: 7.0 - ? ; dH range: 10 - ?; potamodroom (Ref. 51243); diepte 1 - ? m (Ref. 30578). Temperate; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 68°N - 35°N, 6°W - 60°E
Europe and Asia: most of Europe north of Caucasus, Pyrénées and Alps, eastward to Ural and Emba. Naturally absent from Iberian Peninsula, Adriatic and Aegean basins (except Maritza drainage), Italy, Ireland, Great Britain (except southeast), Norway and Scandinavia north of 67°N, Caspian basin south of Volga. In Anatolia, Marmara basin. Locally introduced in Spain, Portugal and Italy. At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction.
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm 9.9, range 9 - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 30578); common length : 15.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 30578); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 60.00 g (Ref. 30578)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 2 - 4; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 7-9; Anale stekels 3; Anale zachte stralen: 14 - 20; Wervels: 41 - 44. Diagnosed from congeners in Europe by the possession of the following characters: origin of anal fin below branched dorsal rays 4-5; lateral line with 45-48 + 3 scales; anal fin with 17-20½ branched rays; 16-22 gill rakers; ventral keel exposed from anus to pelvic base; lateral stripe absent in life, faint or absent in preserved specimens; and mouth slightly superior (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196). Also Ref. 40476.
Inhabits open waters of lakes and medium to large rivers. Forms large aggregations in backwaters and other still waters during winter. Adults occur in shoals near the surface. Larvae live in littoral zone of rivers and lakes while juveniles leave shores and occupy a pelagic habitat, feeding on plankton, drifting insects or invertebrates fallen on the water surface (Ref. 59043). Feeds mainly on plankton, including crustaceans (Ref. 30578) and insects (Ref. 9696). Spawns in shallow riffles or along stony shores of lakes, occasionally above submerged vegetation (Ref. 59043). Excellent as bait for carnivorous fishes. May be captured using the smallest hook and a fly as bait. Its flesh is tasty (Ref. 30578). Of little interest to commercial or sport fisheries in its native range because of its small size (Ref. 1739). Scales were previously utilized in making Essence d"Orient, a coating for artificial pearls (Ref. 59043).
Eggs hatch in about 4 days (Ref. 59043).
Kottelat, M., 1997. European freshwater fishes. An heuristic checklist of the freshwater fishes of Europe (exclusive of former USSR), with an introduction for non-systematists and comments on nomenclature and conservation. Biologia, Bratislava, 52/Suppl. 5:1-271. (Ref. 13696)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van minder commercieel belang; Aquacultuur: commercieel; aas: usually
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Estimates based on models
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00562 (0.00485 - 0.00652), b=3.12 (3.09 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.29 se; based on food items.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (tm=2-3; K=0.19; tmax=7; Fec=1,500).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (31 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 80.3 [38.4, 133.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.46 [0.27, 0.84] mg/100g; Protein = 16.7 [15.1, 18.1] %; Omega3 = 0.697 [0.310, 1.491] g/100g; Selenium = 9.19 [4.33, 19.16] μg/100g; VitaminA = 40.5 [14.0, 121.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.965 [0.689, 1.367] mg/100g (wet weight);
