分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Carangiformes (Jacks)
鱸形目 (Jacks) >
Carangidae (Jacks and pompanos)
鰺科 (Jacks and pompanos) > Caranginae
Etymology: Gnathanodon: Greek, gnathos = jaw + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Forsskål.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 0 - 80 m (Ref. 86942). 熱帶; 35°N - 31°S, 30°E - 77°W
Indo-Pacific: from Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, north to Mie Prefecture, Japan and east to southwestern coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico and Gulf of California to Ecuador (Ref. 9283).
印度-太平洋。 東太平洋: 墨西哥南下加利福尼亞與加州灣到厄瓜多的西南方海岸.(參考文獻 9283)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 32.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 11441); common length : 75.0 cm FL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9283); 最大體重: 15.0 kg (Ref. 30874)
背棘 (總數): 8; 背的軟條 (總數): 18-20; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 15 - 17.
稚魚與年輕的成魚顏色鮮黃色的到銀色的; 寬而狹窄的黑色橫帶交互的; 鰭黃色。 在側邊上成魚有少數黑色的斑塊或斑點; 橫帶, 如果呈現, 非常模糊的。 唇厚而肉質的。 胸部鱗片覆蓋完整。 胸鰭鐮刀狀的 ; 臀鰭有 2根分離的棘
Adults occur in deep lagoon and seaward reefs where they feed by rooting for crustaceans and fossorial invertebrates in the sand but they also feed on small fishes (Ref. 9710, 90102). Small juveniles live among the tentacles of jellyfish (Ref. 9710). Adults form schools and are also noted for their behavior to closely swim around sharks and other large fishes, and also follow divers (Ref. 10361). Juveniles particularly display this piloting behavior to gain protection from likely predators (Ref. 9710, 90102). Marketed fresh and salted or dried (Ref. 9283). Juveniles are used in the aquarium trade. Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
出現於深的潟湖與臨海礁石在那裡它們藉著為甲殼動物與其他的無脊椎動物根在砂中覓食。 也吃小魚。 小的稚魚生活在水母的觸鬚之中。 (參考文獻 9710) 形成魚群。 它是被記錄到讓它的行為緊靠在鯊魚周圍游泳與其他的大魚, 也跟隨潛水者 (參考文獻 10361) 得到保護避開可能的掠食者.(參考文獻 9710) 在市場上銷售生鮮地了與鹽醃或乾燥的.(參考文獻 9283) 稚魚被用於水族貿易。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋。 東太平洋: 墨西哥南下加利福尼亞與加州灣到厄瓜多的西南方海岸.(參考文獻 9283)
Smith-Vaniz, W.F., 1995. Carangidae. Jureles, pámpanos, cojinúas, zapateros, cocineros, casabes, macarelas, chicharros, jorobados, medregales, pez pilota. p. 940-986. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para lo Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9283)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.01195 - 0.01522), b=2.96 (2.93 - 2.99), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.52 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.14-0.53).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (86 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 38.3 [19.7, 67.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.714 [0.413, 1.278] mg/100g; Protein = 20.1 [19.0, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.14 [0.09, 0.22] g/100g; Selenium = 51.7 [30.8, 93.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 25.8 [9.1, 68.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.751 [0.538, 1.061] mg/100g (wet weight);
