Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 10 - 476 m (Ref. 39327), usually 10 - 100 m (Ref. 2700). Subtropical
Circumglobal: tropical to temperate seas.
الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 61.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 2850); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 3.2 kg (Ref. 40637)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع) : 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع) : 13 - 16; شوكة شرجية: 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 11 - 13. Adults dark green, brownish grey, or blue above, white below; juveniles with about 9 bars on back, from eye to dorsal fin; dark spots on front and middle of belly and on side near pectoral base in specimens less than 33 cm (Ref. 4919).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Primarily an oceanic (Ref. 2850, 2683), pelagic species but may enter estuaries (Ref. 4919). Feeds on crustaceans and squids (Ref. 10001). Suspected responsible for fatal poisoning (Ref. 4919). Should not be eaten (Ref. 36731).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري; لعبة سمكه: نعم
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 14 - 28.9, mean 26.1 °C (based on 5858 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5005 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00602 - 0.01998), b=2.91 (2.75 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 3.7 ±0.40 se; based on food items.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): وسيط, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 1.4-4.4 سنة (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 41 [14, 94] mg/100g; Iron = 0.904 [0.498, 2.058] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.406 [0.186, 0.815] g/100g; Selenium = 44.2 [23.0, 98.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22 [8, 61] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.628 [0.430, 0.889] mg/100g (wet weight);
