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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / تغييرات عمق / distribution range
بوم شناسي
دريايي; لب شور نزديك كف زي; غير مهاجر (Ref. 94474); تغييرات عمق 10 - ? m (Ref. 9988). Subtropical; 42°N - 15°N, 83°W - 70°W (Ref. 94474)
Western Atlantic: New York to southern Florida in USA and the entire Gulf of Mexico. Northeastern Atlantic: recently reported from Guadalquivir River estuary in Spain (Ref. 94474).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / سن
بلوغ: Lm 26.8, range 25 - 35 cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 40637); common length : 36.0 cm TL جنس نر / بدون خواص جنسي; (Ref. 3702); بيشينه وزن گزارش شده: 7.9 kg (Ref. 40637); بيشينه سن گزارش شده: 18 سال ها (Ref. 12193)
خارهاي باله پشتي (کل) : 9 - 11; شعاع نرم باله پشتي (کل) : 25 - 28; خارهاي باله مخرجي: 2; شعاع نرم باله مخرجي: 10 - 11. Body silvery, dark grey on back with bluish reflections and numerous round black spots irregularly scattered on upper half, extending to dorsal and caudal fin. Spinous dorsal fin dusky, other fins pale to yellowish. Mouth large, oblique lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Lower jaw with an enlarged inner row of teeth, uniform in size and closely set. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of nearly straight horn-like appendages. Soft portion of dorsal fin unscaled (Ref 51721).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Inhabits river estuaries and shallow coastal marine waters over sand bottoms, often associated with seagrass beds. Also occurs in salt marshes and tidal pools of high salinity. Feeds mainly on crustaceans and fishes. An important food and sport fish throughout its range. Utilized fresh for steaming, broiling and baking (Ref. 9988).
Life cycle and mating behavior
بلوغ | تولید مثل | تخم ریزی | تخم ها | Fecundity | توزاد ( لارو)
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
وضعيت در فهرست قرمز IUCN (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
خطر برای انسان ها
Harmless
استفاده انسانی
ماهي گيري – شيلات: تجاري; ماهي ها ي سرگرم كننده: بله
ابزارها
گزارش های ويژه
بارگيری XML
منابع اينترنتي
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 12 - 26.7, mean 24.3 °C (based on 88 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00499 - 0.01323), b=3.05 (2.92 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (مرجع
69278): 4.0 ±0.66 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.8 (4.0 - 6.7) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 13
growth studies.
جهندگی (مرجع
120179): متوسط, كمينه زمان لازم براي دو برابر شدن جمعيت 4/1 – 4/4 سال (K=0.2-0.3; tmax=18; tm=1; Fec=1 million).
Prior r = 0.69, 95% CL = 0.46 - 1.04, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.1 [25.3, 82.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.771 [0.408, 1.320] mg/100g; Protein = 19.1 [17.7, 20.8] %; Omega3 = 0.33 [0.20, 0.51] g/100g; Selenium = 30.9 [16.5, 56.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.52 [3.34, 29.64] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.667 [0.495, 0.966] mg/100g (wet weight);
