分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 10 - 15; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 15 - ? m (Ref. 5732). 溫帶; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 1672); 73°N - 37°N, 7°E - 136°E
Europe and Asia: Baltic, Black, northern Caspian and North Sea basins, Atlantic basin southward to Seine and lower Loire drainages (France). Absent in Scandinavia north of 69°N. In Asia, eastward to Lena drainage and Aral basin. Introduced to Great Britain and northern Italy (Ref. 59043). Transported to several countries in Europe and the United States for ornament (Ref. 4537).
歐洲與亞洲: 萊茵河流域到那位於雅庫特- 薩哈共和國西方。 在歐洲與美國移植到一些國家作為觀賞用了。 (參考文獻 4537)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 85.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 4.0 kg (Ref. 556); 最大年齡: 29 年 (Ref. 126842)
背棘 (總數): 3; 背的軟條 (總數): 8-11; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8 - 11; 脊椎骨: 47. Diagnosed from congeners in Europe by the following characters: lateral line with 56-58 + 3 scales; pharyngeal teeth 3,5-5,3; mouth terminal; dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays; anal fin with 10-11½ branched rays; all fins except dorsal fin with reddish tinge; pigmentation on lateral scales lacking regular black mesh (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196).
尾鰭有 19個鰭條。 (參考文獻 2196)
Usually inhabits large lowland rivers and nutrient-rich lakes. Adults are solitary while juveniles are gregarious. Undertakes migration to tributaries to spawn in moderate current on gravel or submerged vegetation. Feeds on various aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Larger individuals feed mainly on fishes. Feeding larvae and juveniles thrive in a wide variety of shoreline habitats and leave the shores for deeper waters when growing. Reported to sometimes hybridizes with Aspius aspius (Ref. 59043). Its flesh is not tasty (Ref. 30578). Aquarium keeping: at least 10 individuals; minimum aquarium size >200 cm; not recommended for home aquariums (Ref. 51539).
在中型到大型河川，池塘與湖的清澈的水池中成群出現。 (參考文獻 5723) 在春天進入河產卵於礫石或植物之上。 吃昆蟲，軟體動物與甲殼動物; 較大的個體吃魚例如 Rutilus rutilus 與 Alburnus alburnus. 在春天繁殖。 卵被發現在淺水區中依附於礫石，雜草與石頭。 (參考文獻 41678) 捕捉是意外的。 時常與 Rutilus rutilus 互相混淆。 它的肉不是好吃。 (參考文獻 30578) 水族館保持: 至少 10個個體; 水族館最小體型 >200 公分; 不向那邊推薦家庭的水族箱魚。 (參考文獻 51539)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
"Females spawn only once each season. Individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females. Females attach the sticky eggs to gravel or submerged plant material" (Ref. 59043).歐洲與亞洲: 萊茵河流域到那位於雅庫特- 薩哈共和國西方。 在歐洲與美國移植到一些國家作為觀賞用了。 (參考文獻 4537)
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的; 水族館: 商業性
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合作者照片Stamps, Coins Misc.聲音神經毒速度泳型鰓區Otoliths腦重體重比眼睛色素
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00589 (0.00483 - 0.00718), b=3.15 (3.12 - 3.18), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.59 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (tm=5-9).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 63.1 [29.0, 124.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.636 [0.374, 1.054] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.9, 21.2] %; Omega3 = 0.66 [0.33, 1.31] g/100g; Selenium = 11.7 [6.0, 22.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 23.2 [7.9, 69.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.683 [0.480, 0.980] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
