分類 / Names
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Teleostei >
Salmoniformes (Salmons)
鮭形目 (Salmons) >
Salmonidae (Salmonids)
鮭科 (Salmonids) > Coregoninae
Etymology: Stenodus: Greek, stenos = narrow + Greek, odous = teeth (Ref. 45335); leucichthys: leucichthys meaning white fish (Ref. 1998).
Issue
Stenodus nelma (Pallas, 1773) is a valid species according to Kottelat and Freyhof (2007: Ref. 82592). The corresponding species summary page will be created in the future.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - ? m (Ref. 4779). 北方生物帶; 73°N - 58°N, 36°E - 111°W
North America: Arctic drainages from Anderson River in Northwest Territories, Canada to Kuskokwim River (Bering Sea tributary) in Alaska. Upstream in Mackenzie River and Yukon River drainages to British Columbia, Canada (Ref. 5723). Eurasia: Caspian Sea (common in central and southern Caspian in summer), Volga, Ural and Terak drainages (Ref. 59043). Hybridization with Coregonus nelsoni, Coregonus autumnalis and Coregonus muksun are due more to the broadcasting of eggs and sperm rather than pairing between species or genera (Ref. 27547).
北美洲與亞洲: 從在加拿大西北地區的安德遜河到 Kuskokwim 河 (白令海支流) 在阿拉斯加州的北極圈流域。 向上游在麥肯茲河與育空河流域到加拿大卑詩省。 孤立的族群出現於裡海北部中而且流入河.(參考文獻 1998) 來自哈薩克的族群 , 俄國與可能阿塞拜疆是瀕臨絕種的.(參考文獻 12255) 具有 Coregonus nelsoni 的雜交, Coregonus autumnalis 與 Coregonus muksun 是卵與精液的適當更多的到廣播而不是在種或屬之間的成對.(參考文獻 27547)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 72.5, range 70 - 75 cm
Max length : 150 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 4574); common length : 61.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 40.0 kg (Ref. 10318); 最大年齡: 22 年 (Ref. 4576)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 11-19; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 14 - 19; 脊椎骨: 63 - 69. Distinguished by its large mouth, the protruding lower jaw, and the presence of only 13 to 17 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch (Ref. 27547). Dorsal fin high and pointed; pelvic fins with well developed axillary process (Ref. 27547). Generally silvery, with the back usually rather green, blue or pale brown; silvery white below; dorsal and caudal fins have dusky margins, other fins pale (Ref. 27547).
區別的特徵為它的大嘴，凸出下頜了, 與那只在第一個鰓弓的下面肢翼上有 13 到 17個鰓耙.(參考文獻 27547) 背鰭很高而尖的; 腹鰭有發展良好的腋窩羽翼突起.(參考文獻 27547) 通常銀色的, 藉由背部通常相當綠色﹐藍色的或白褐色; 下面銀白色的; 背鰭與尾鰭鰭讓暗色的邊緣，其他的鰭灰白的.(參考文獻 27547)
Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Occurs in coastal brackish waters near mouths of rivers, but usually in rivers or some land-locked lakes (Ref. 4779). At the sea, it is found throughout basin in pelagic zone with temperatures below 18° C and 20-50 m deep (Ref. 59043). Juveniles and adult overwinter and forage at the sea. Encountered in large lowland rivers during migration (Ref. 59043). Adults feed mostly on small fishes; young eat aquatic insect larvae and planktonic crustaceans (Ref. 4779). During spawning migration, it feeds little if at all (Ref. 27547). Spawns on gravel shallows (Ref. 59043). Flesh is white, sweet and slightly oily (Ref. 27547). Sold fresh or frozen.
出現於在河口附近的海岸的半鹹淡水域, 但是通常在河或一些陸封的湖.(參考文獻 4779) 沿海-大洋性.(參考文獻 58426) 成魚大部分吃小魚; 幼魚吃水生的昆蟲幼生與浮游性甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 4779) 在產卵遷移的時候，它吃一點點如果根本.(參考文獻 27547) 肉是白色的﹐甜的與些微多油。 (參考文獻 27547) 生鮮販賣.或冷凍的。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Upstream migration from wintering areas begins at ice break-up. Early upstream movement may be associated with feeding, but movement soon becomes a definite migration to the spawning area. Spawning begins at dusk, and continuing well into the night. A female accompanied by a male, swims to the surface near the upstream end of the spawning ground. She rapidly moves across the current, extruding her eggs. The male, stays below the female so that as the eggs sink, sperm released, fertilizes the eggs. After completing a spawning pass, the female drifts downstream. She may repeat the spawning act over the downstream portion of the spawning area or may move upstream to the head of the grounds before releasing more eggs. Following spawning, there is a fairly rapid downstream migration to wintering grounds (Ref. 27547). It is not certain if spawning occurs annually or at longer intervals (Ref. 27547). Russian fish appear to spawn only every third or fourth year (Ref. 28219). Spawning frequency at Selawik, Alaska may be every other year (Ref. 27547).北美洲與亞洲: 從在加拿大西北地區的安德遜河到 Kuskokwim 河 (白令海支流) 在阿拉斯加州的北極圈流域。 向上游在麥肯茲河與育空河流域到加拿大卑詩省。 孤立的族群出現於裡海北部中而且流入河.(參考文獻 1998) 來自哈薩克的族群 , 俄國與可能阿塞拜疆是瀕臨絕種的.(參考文獻 12255) 具有 Coregonus nelsoni 的雜交, Coregonus autumnalis 與 Coregonus muksun 是卵與精液的適當更多的到廣播而不是在種或屬之間的成對.(參考文獻 27547)
Svetovidov, A.N., 1984. Salmonidae. p. 373-385. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. vol. 1. (Ref. 4779)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00394 - 0.00581), b=3.18 (3.13 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.74 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 14.7 (8.1 - 19.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 10
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.05-0.10; tm=5-12; tmax=22; Fec=80,000).
Prior r = 0.42, 95% CL = 0.28 - 0.63, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (74 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 10.3 [5.6, 24.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.409 [0.208, 0.798] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.2, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.565 [0.227, 1.537] g/100g; Selenium = 17.9 [7.4, 43.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 8.75 [1.47, 53.62] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.304 [0.204, 0.438] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
