分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Lethrinidae (Emperors or scavengers) > Lethrininae
Etymology: Lethrinus: Greek, lethrinia, a fish pertaining to genus Pagellus.
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 1 - 185 m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 33°N - 35°S, 33°E - 135°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Samoa and Polynesia, north to the Ryukyu Islands; south to Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到美屬薩摩亞, 北至琉球群島。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 34 - ? cm
Max length : 100.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2295); common length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2295); 最大体重: 14.0 kg (Ref. 9710)
背棘 (总数): 10; 背的软条 (总数): 9; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately slender, its depth 2.9-3.4 times in standard length; head length 1.1-1.3 times in body depth, 2.4-2.9 times in SL, dorsal profile near eye nearly straight or with small bump; snout length about 1.7-2.2 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.6-0.8 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile slightly concave, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 40° and 50°; interorbital space convex to flat; posterior nostril a longitudinal oblong opening, closer to orbit than anterior nostril; eye situated close to or not close to dorsal profile, its length 3.4-6.2 times in HL; cheek height 3 to 3.8 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws conical; outer surface of maxilla smooth; D X, 9 with the 3rd or 4th dorsal-fin spine the longest, its length 2.4-2.8 times in body depth; A III,8 with the first soft ray usually the longest, its length almost equal to or slightly shorter than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 1.3-1.7 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body with dense melanophores; cheek without scales; 46-48 lateral-line scales; 5 ½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; usually 16-17 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; 15 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 6-9 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral-fin base without scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body grey, lighter ventrally, often with scattered irregular dark blotches; snout with wavy dark streaks, upper jaw, especially near corner of mouth sometimes edged behind with red (Ref. 114226).
可能大又吻部最长的龙占鱼科鱼类。 在脸部与鳍上的深红色的外貌可能在大的求爱雄性中发育。 (参考文献 1602) 体色是灰色, 变成腹部颜色较淡, 时常有分散的不规则的黑色斑块。 吻部有波浪状的深色条纹。 上颌, 尤其在嘴巴的角落的附近, 有时被有红色边缘。 非常类似 L. microdon, 但是更多的鳞片在侧联机面与尾鳍分叉较深幼年时.(参考文献 48635)
Largest and the longest-snouted lethrinid (Ref. 37816). Found in sandy coastal areas, lagoons, and reef slopes (Ref. 30573). Juveniles are found in shallow sandy areas. Often occurs in large schools. Adults deep along coastal slopes and drop-offs, usually solitary (Ref. 48635). Very active and swims fast (Ref. 90102). Feeds mainly on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods. In Palau, it spawns throughout the year on the first few days of the lunar month along the edges of reefs. Large individuals often ciguatoxic in New Caledonia and possibly elsewhere in Oceania (Ref. 9775). Caught mostly with handline and traps, occasionally by trawls and gill nets (Ref. 68703). Ref. 48635 reports maximum depth of occurrence.
大的与吻部最长的龙占鱼科鱼类.(参考文献 37816) 发现于沙的沿岸区域，泻湖与礁斜坡了。 (参考文献 30573) 稚鱼被发现于水浅的沙地区域。 时常在大群鱼群中出现。 成鱼沿着海岸的斜坡与海峭壁深处, 通常独居性的.(参考文献 48635) 主要吃鱼，甲壳动物与头足类动物。 在帛琉，它在阴历月的几天沿着礁的边缘的第一个上产卵全年度。 大的个体时常在新加勒多尼亚的有西加毒的与可能地在大洋洲的别地方.(参考文献 9775) 参考文献 48635个报告发生的最大深度。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Protogyny have yet to be confirmed for this species.印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到美屬薩摩亞, 北至琉球群島。
Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.3 - 28.4, mean 27.1 °C (based on 1006 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01585 (0.01372 - 0.01830), b=2.97 (2.93 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.0 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.06-0.25; tm=4.1-6; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.49, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27 [18, 42] mg/100g; Iron = 0.805 [0.519, 1.262] mg/100g; Protein = 20.2 [17.7, 22.4] %; Omega3 = 0.132 [0.091, 0.189] g/100g; Selenium = 62.4 [30.4, 109.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.6 [7.4, 154.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.45 [1.06, 1.90] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
