分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 1 - 90 m (Ref. 5217). 熱帶; 35°N - 34°S, 92°W - 34°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida, Bahamas, Yucatan Peninsula and throughout the Caribbean to southern Brazil. Not known from the Gulf of Mexico except at the Campeche Bank off the coast of Yucatan, at Tortugas and off Key West.
西大西洋: 百慕達群島，佛羅里達，巴哈馬, 尤卡坦半島與在加勒比海到各處巴西南部。 已知不來自墨西哥灣除了在 Campeche 堤岸之外外海的尤卡坦半島的海岸, 在 Tortugas 與外海的關鍵向西。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 48.0 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 122 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5227); 最大体重: 25.0 kg (Ref. 5222); 最大年龄: 29 年 (Ref. 45400)
背棘 (总数): 11 - 12; 背的软条 (总数): 16-18; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. Caudal fin rounded in juveniles. Dorsal fin notched between forward spines; 3rd or 4th spine the longest. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin; scales small and greatly overlapping. Ground color tawny in individuals in shallow water, shading to pinkish or red in those from deeper water, sometimes with an orange cast. Can change color pattern in a few minutes from almost white to uniformly dark brown depending on mood. Third and fourth vertical bars branch above lateral line forming a W-shaped mark. Several distinct black spots below and behind eye and a characteristic `tuning-fork shaped stripe on top of head, dividing just behind the orbits. (see also Refs. 5221, 5222, 5227 and 2458).
尾鳍在稚鱼中圆的。 在向前的棘之间的背鳍有凹槽的; 第三或第 4根棘最长的。 软背鳍与臀鳍的基底覆盖着鳞片与厚的皮肤了; 鳞片小而重叠很深。 在浅水区的个体中的底色黄褐色, 颜色变化成略带桃色或者红色的在来自较深的水域的那些中, 有时有橘色的外貌。 能改变彩色斑纹在一些细小的从几乎白色到全黑褐色被依据心情而定的。 第三与第四个纵带分支在侧联机面形成一个 W 形的标志。 一些明显的黑色斑点在眼下面与后面与一个特殊的音叉形的斑纹在头顶上，分开在眼窝正后方。 (也见参考文献。 5221,5222,5227 与 2458).
Occurs from the shoreline to at least 90 m depth. Usually close to caves (Ref. 9710). Juveniles are common in seagrass beds. Diet comprises mainly of fishes (54%) and crabs (23%) and lesser amounts of other crustaceans and mollusks. It is solitary and mainly diurnal; but may sometimes form schools. Spawns near the new moon with up to 30,000 aggregating at certain spawning sites (Ref. 9710). The least wary and most friendly of all the groupers (Ref. 5226). Heavily fished and vulnerable to overfishing, particularly when migrating or aggregating to spawn (Ref. 9710). The most important commercial grouper in the West Indies. Marketed fresh, mostly between 2 to 10 kg (Ref. 3708).
生存于海岸线到至少 90 公尺深。 通常接近洞穴。 (参考文献 9710) 稚鱼常见于海草床。 食物主要地鱼 (54%) 与螃蟹 (23%) 与比较少量的其他甲壳动物与软件动物包含。 它是独居性与主要日行性; 有时但是可能形成鱼群。 在新月期的附近产卵多达 30,000 在特定的产卵区聚集.(参考文献 9710) 最没有小心的与最友好的是鲈科鱼类.(参考文献 5226) 很重地捕获与易受伤害的到捕捞过度, 特别地当移动或者聚集产卵的时候.(参考文献 9710) 最在西印度群岛的重要商业的鲈科鱼类。 在市场上销售生鲜地了, 大部份在 2 到 10 公斤之间.(参考文献 3708)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Most males and females display a bicolored pattern during spawning. Courtship behavior involves vertical spiral movement, short vertical runs followed by rapid aggregation then rapid dispersal and horizontal runs near the bottom. Sex reversal reportedly between 30 and 80 cm SL. Some primary males found recently (Ref. 5222). Pelagic spawner (Ref. 31572).西大西洋: 百慕達群島，佛羅里達，巴哈馬, 尤卡坦半島與在加勒比海到各處巴西南部。 已知不來自墨西哥灣除了在 Campeche 堤岸之外外海的尤卡坦半島的海岸, 在 Tortugas 與外海的關鍵向西。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
极度濒危 (CR) (A4bd); Date assessed: 18 November 2016
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.8 - 28, mean 26.4 °C (based on 400 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.01023 - 0.01349), b=3.04 (3.02 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Prior r = 0.43, 95% CL = 0.28 - 0.64, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.2 [7.2, 34.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.444 [0.224, 0.890] mg/100g; Protein = 18.4 [16.8, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.106 [0.063, 0.178] g/100g; Selenium = 46.3 [23.9, 93.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 201 [51, 791] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.995 [0.670, 1.432] mg/100g (wet weight);
