Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري مرتبطة بالشعاب; نطاق العمق 100 - ? m (Ref. 114953). Subtropical; 37°N - 20°N, 114°E - 139°E (Ref. 114953)
Northwest Pacific: southern Japan to the South China Sea near Hong Kong, including Taiwan.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm ?, range 35 - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 12951)
Occurs inshore and offshore (Ref. 9913, 11230). Found on sand, often near rocky reefs (Ref. 12951). Biology little known (Ref. 9913), but locally common in Taiwan and Japan (Ref. 114953). Produces 4-6 pups per litter. Maturity size of males known at 25 cm TL. Not utilized for food. Capable of producing a moderate shock to humans (Ref. 114953). Does not do well in aquariums (Ref. 12951).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Ovoviviparous. Up to 5 in a litter (Ref. 12951).
Compagno, L.J.V. and P.R. Last, 1999. Narkidae. Sleeper rays. p. 1443-1446. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9913)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: غير مهمة تجارياً
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 18.5 - 28.9, mean 26.8 °C (based on 559 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.6252 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00244 - 0.04107), b=3.04 (2.81 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 3.5 ±0.37 se; based on food items.
المرونه (مرجع
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (Assuming fecundity<100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100).
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