分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 451 m (Ref. 58496). 極; 80°N - 40°N, 95°W - 60°E
Eastern Atlantic: south-eastern coasts of Greenland, Jan Mayen Island, Iceland to British Isles and southward to Bay of Biscay, also North Sea, Baltic Sea, Spitsbergen and southern part of Barents Sea (including White Sea). Western Atlantic: James Bay in Canada to New York, USA (Ref. 7251). Arctic Ocean.
東大西洋: 格陵蘭，央麥恩群島島的東南方海岸, 冰島到英國人使而且成為島嶼向南至比斯開灣, 也巴倫支海 (包括白海) 的北海，波羅的海，斯匹次卑爾根群島與南部. 西大西洋: 在加拿大到美國的紐約州的詹姆士海灣.(參考文獻 7251) 北極海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 17.8, range 15 - 30 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9925); common length : 24.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4698); 最大年龄: 18 年 (Ref. 122394)
背棘 (总数): 7 - 11; 背的软条 (总数): 13-19; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 9 - 15; 脊椎骨: 34 - 39. Caudal fin rounded. Greenish brown above, often with dark blotches and bright milky-white spots above pectoral fins; underside cherry red (males) or light orange (females) with white spots; fins with dark bands (Ref. 4698).
尾鳍圆的。 绿褐色的上方, 时常以黑色斑块与在胸鳍上面的明亮乳白色的斑点; 下面樱桃红色的 (雄性) 或淡的橘色 (雌性) 有白色的斑点; 鳍有深色条纹。 (参考文献 4698)
Found on rocky bottoms with sand or mud, or among seaweeds (Ref. 4698). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on fishes, large crustaceans, occasionally polychaetes and amphipods (Ref. 4698). During the spawning season, the male's underside becomes deep red with white spots.
用沙或泥栖息于岩石底部了, 或在海草之中.(参考文献 4698) 吃鱼，大的甲壳动物, 偶然多毛类与片脚类动物.(参考文献 4698) 在产卵季节的时候，雄鱼的下面变成深红色的有白色的斑点。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Eggs are deposited in a clutch on the bottom and defended by the male. Larvae hatch after about 5 weeks.東大西洋: 格陵蘭，央麥恩群島島的東南方海岸, 冰島到英國人使而且成為島嶼向南至比斯開灣, 也巴倫支海 (包括白海) 的北海，波羅的海，斯匹次卑爾根群島與南部. 西大西洋: 在加拿大到美國的紐約州的詹姆士海灣.(參考文獻 7251) 北極海。
Fedorov, V.V., 1986. Cottidae. p. 1243-1260. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4698)
人类利用
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.4 - 10.3, mean 4.5 °C (based on 1225 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00720 - 0.01054), b=3.15 (3.09 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2; Fec=2,742).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 85.8 [16.9, 288.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.442 [0.184, 1.318] mg/100g; Protein = 18.9 [16.1, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.635 [0.263, 1.864] g/100g; Selenium = 21 [8, 53] μg/100g; VitaminA = 5.56 [1.06, 28.97] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.655 [0.268, 1.159] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies. 
