Environment: milieu / climate zone / نطاق العمق / distribution range
البيئة
بحري القاع; نطاق العمق 2 - 8 m (Ref. 96339). Tropical; 30°N - 3°S, 114°W - 81°W (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Central Pacific: Mazatlán, Mexico to Ecuador, including Galapagos Islands.
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
النضج: Lm 48.5, range 44 - ? cm
Max length : 118 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 111131)
Benthic in shallow waters over sandy bottoms (Ref. 9262). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Produces litters of 1-6 pups. Females mature at ca. 48 cm TL, males at ca. 51 cm TL; born at 19 cm TL (Ref. 114953).
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
McEachran, J.D., 1995. Rhinobatidae. Peces guitarra. p. 778-781. In W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter and V. Niem (eds.) Guia FAO para Identification de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacifico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9262)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: مصائد تستهلك محلينا
أدوات
تقارير خاصة
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (مرجع
123201): 26.6 - 29.1, mean 28.3 °C (based on 115 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (مرجع
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00186 (0.00120 - 0.00289), b=3.12 (2.99 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (مرجع
69278): 3.6 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
المرونه (مرجع
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
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