分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 礁區魚類; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 30 - 160 m (Ref. 89707). 亞熱帶的; 40°N - 27°S, 98°W - 38°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: North Carolina, USA (with juveniles occurring as far north as Massachusetts) to the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Rare in Bermuda; one record in Cuba; also reported from eastern Brazil.
西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州 (與出現的稚魚向北遠至麻薩諸塞州) 到尤卡坦半島，墨西哥。 稀有的在百慕達群島; 在古巴的一個紀錄; 也記錄自巴西東部。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 63.1, range 51 - ? cm
Max length : 145 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 3708); 最大體重: 36.5 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 31 年 (Ref. 118445)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 16-18; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 10 - 12. Distinguished by the following characteristics: adult females and juveniles are generally brownish grey with dark vermiculations; camouflage phase has 5 dark brown saddles separated by short white bars below the dorsal fin; large males sometimes display a "black-belly" and "black-back" phase; black-belly phase is mostly pale grey, with faint dark reticulations below soft dorsal fin, belly and ventral part of the body above anal fin black, as are margin of the soft dorsal fin, central rear part of caudal fin and rear margins of pectoral and pelvic fins; depth of body contained 3.0-3.5 times in SL; head length 2.5-2.7 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angle of preopercle produced into a rounded lobe bearing enlarged serrae; posterior nostrils of adults much larger than anterior ones; smooth lateral body scales, except those covering pectoral fin (Ref. 89707).
Juveniles occur in estuaries and seagrass beds; adults are usually found offshore on rocky bottom (rarely to 152 m), occasionally inshore on rocky or grassy bottom. It is the most common grouper on rocky ledges in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Adults are either solitary or in groups of 5 to 50 individuals; feed mainly on fishes, some crabs, shrimps, and cephalopods. Juveniles (less than 20 cm) feed mainly on crustaceans that live in shallow grass beds.
稚魚出現在河口與海草床; 成魚通常在岩石的底部 (很少地對 152 公尺) 上被發現於外海, 偶然地在沿海的岩石或長滿草的底部。 它是在墨西哥灣東方中的岩石岩架上最普遍的鱸科魚類。 成魚是單獨出現或形成 5 到 50個個體的群體; 主要捕食魚，一些螃蟹，蝦與頭足類動物。 稚魚 (少於 20 公分) 主要捕食生活於水淺的草床的甲殼動物。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Indeterminate, multiple spawner (Ref. 86690).西大西洋: 美國北卡羅萊那州 (與出現的稚魚向北遠至麻薩諸塞州) 到尤卡坦半島，墨西哥。 稀有的在百慕達群島; 在古巴的一個紀錄; 也記錄自巴西東部。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 18.3 - 27.1, mean 23.8 °C (based on 123 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00767 - 0.01189), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.12-0.16; tm=3-8; tmax=16; Fec>10,000).
Prior r = 0.51, 95% CL = 0.34 - 0.77, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (73 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.5 [6.4, 24.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.464 [0.235, 0.829] mg/100g; Protein = 19.5 [17.6, 21.1] %; Omega3 = 0.214 [0.122, 0.378] g/100g; Selenium = 24.6 [12.6, 49.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 38.1 [11.4, 150.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.57 [0.38, 0.89] mg/100g (wet weight);
