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Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Sciaenidae (Drums or croakers)
Etymology: Cynoscion: Greek, kyon = dog + Greek, odous = teeth + Greek, skion, skiaina = barbel, red mullet (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Cuvier.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / пределы глубины / distribution range
экология
морской; солоноватоводный демерсальный; пределы глубины 6 - 70 m (Ref. 3702). Tropical; 14°N - 24°S, 84°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: Nicaragua to Santos, Brazil.
Size / Вес / Возраст
половая зрелость: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 115 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 40637); common length : 65.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 3702); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 4.4 kg (Ref. 125970)
колючие лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 11; членистые (мягкие) лучи спинного плавника (общее число) : 27 - 31; колючие лучи анального плавника: 2; членистые (мягкие) лучи анального плавника: 8. Greyish to brownish above, silvery below. Upper sides sometimes with inconspicuous minute dark dots. Dorsal fin dusky, its spinous portion black-edged. Soft dorsal fin with dark spots on each ray. Pectoral and pelvic fins as well as anal fin yellowish to orange. Caudal fin dusky. Inside mouth orange. Mouth large, distinctly oblique, lower jaw projecting. Upper jaw with a pair of large canine-like teeth at tip. Chin without barbels or pores. Snout with 2 marginal pores. Gas bladder with a pair of long, curved, horn-like appendages. Sagitta (large earstone) elongate, with a notch on dorsal margin. Soft portion of dorsal fin membranes unscaled except 2 or 3 rows of scales at base (Ref 51721).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal.
Usually found over sandy mud bottoms in coastal waters near river mouths (Ref. 3702). Adults stay in deep waters during the day and swim to the surface at night (Ref. 35237). Juveniles inhabit estuaries. Marketed fresh; its flesh is of excellent quality (Ref. 3702). Its swim bladder is being used to make glue (Ref. 35237).
Life cycle and mating behavior
половая зрелость | размножение | нерест | икра | Fecundity | личинки
Cervigón, F., 1993. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volume 2. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas,Venezuela. 497 p. (Ref. 9626)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
Угроза для людей
Harmless
Использование человеком
рыболовство: коммерческий; объект спортивного рыболовства: да
дополнительная информация
инструменты
Специальные отчеты
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ресурсы в Интернет
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (ссылка
123201): 26.7 - 28, mean 27.4 °C (based on 112 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (ссылка
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00661 (0.00533 - 0.00819), b=3.06 (3.04 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (ссылка
69278): 4.0 ±0.70 se; based on food items.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (ссылка
120179): низкий, минимальное время удвоения популяции 4.5-14 лет (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Prior r = 0.26, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.38, Based on 1 data-limited stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (69 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 67.7 [40.4, 126.2] mg/100g; Iron = 0.787 [0.413, 1.359] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.0, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.208 [0.114, 0.339] g/100g; Selenium = 65.4 [34.7, 122.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.3 [5.1, 37.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.939 [0.680, 1.330] mg/100g (wet weight);
