Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
marien rifbewoner; standvastig; diepte 2 - 60 m (Ref. 9626). Tropical; 22°C - 28°C; 44°N - 23°S, 98°W - 34°W
Western Atlantic: New England, USA to the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean (Ref. 26938).
Lengte bij maturiteit / Grootte / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm 22.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3797); common length : 45.0 cm TL mannelijk / geslacht onbekend; (Ref. 3797); max. gepubliceerd gewicht: 1.8 kg (Ref. 40637)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 9; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 31-33; Anale stekels 3; Anale zachte stralen: 23 - 25. Pale gray around mouth, and pale gray margin on caudal fin. Inside of pectoral fin yellow (Ref. 26938). Juveniles are black with two light yellow bars on body and three on head; caudal fin yellow with a vertically elongate, nearly rectangular or hemispherical black spot in middle (Ref. 13442).
Maximum depth from Ref. 126840. Common in coral reefs, usually solitary, occasionally in pairs. Juveniles are part-time cleaners. Feed mainly on sponges, but also takes tunicates, algae, zoantharians, gorgonians, hydroids, bryozoans, and seagrasses. Oviparous (Ref. 240), monogamous (Ref. 52884). Flesh reported to be of excellent quality (Ref. 3797); marketed fresh and salted (Ref. 5217). Friendly toward divers (Ref. 9710). Have been reared in captivity (Ref. 35419).
Levenscyclus en paargedrag
Maturiteit | Voortplanting | Paaien | Eieren | Fecunditeit | Larven
Monogamous mating is observed as both facultative and social (Ref. 52884).
Allen, G.R., 1985. Butterfly and angelfishes of the world. Vol. 2. 3rd edit. in English. Mergus Publishers, Melle, Germany. (Ref. 4858)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Gevaar voor de mens
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van minder commercieel belang; Aquarium: Commercieel
Meer informatie
ReferentiesAquacultuurAquacultuurprofielKweeklijnenGeneticaElectrophoresesErfelijkheidZiektesVerwerkingNutrientsMassaconversie
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 23.8 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 849 cells).
Fylogenetische diversiteitsindex (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03236 (0.01644 - 0.06368), b=2.90 (2.73 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trofisch niveau (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Zeer laag, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd meer dan 14 jaar (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 31.5 [15.9, 53.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.459 [0.273, 0.748] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [17.3, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.085 [0.053, 0.137] g/100g; Selenium = 34.4 [17.3, 66.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 54.3 [13.7, 197.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.1 [0.8, 1.6] mg/100g (wet weight);
