Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range ? - 100 m (Ref. 27569). Temperate; 3°S - 54°S, 82°W - 70°W
Southeast Pacific: Tumbes, Peru to Magellanes, Chile.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 51.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 95867); max. published weight: 1.6 kg (Ref. 53696)
On muddy bottoms or sandy and rocky bottoms. Spawns during spring.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Rosa, I.L. and R.S. Rosa, 1997. Systematic revision of the South American species of Pinguipedidae (Teleostei, Trachinoidei). Revta Bras. Zool. 14(4):845-865. (Ref. 27569)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: of no interest
More information
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
Tools
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00487 - 0.01559), b=3.08 (2.92 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for species & Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): (0 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 34.8 [19.0, 61.7] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.323 [0.201, 0.527] mg/100g ; Protein = 17.7 [15.5, 19.7] % ; Omega3 = 0.43 [0.26, 0.69] g/100g ; Selenium = 21.8 [11.4, 42.7] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 15 [5, 43] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.524 [0.371, 0.730] mg/100g (wet weight);