Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; depth range 10 - 460 m (Ref. 5304), usually 10 - 100 m (Ref. 4710). Subtropical; 37°N - 7°S
Eastern Atlantic: north of Gibraltar to northern Angola (Ref. 5304). Reported from the Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 45594).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2683); common length : 10.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2683)
Inhabits sandy bottoms of the continental shelf (Ref. 2683).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
More information
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningSpawning aggregationFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 16.6 - 27.9, mean 20.4 °C (based on 248 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5078 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00491 - 0.01410), b=3.05 (2.91 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for species & Genus-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): (0 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 160 [71, 401] mg/100g ; Iron = 1.39 [0.77, 2.66] mg/100g ; Protein = 19.5 [17.9, 21.0] % ; Omega3 = 0.255 [0.133, 0.478] g/100g ; Selenium = 29 [14, 60] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 13.8 [4.3, 43.2] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.99 [0.60, 1.56] mg/100g (wet weight);