Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range					
						Ecology					
				
				
				
					Marine;  reef-associated; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 50 - 110 m (Ref. 126482). Tropical; 10°C - 28°C (Ref. 126482)				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Northwest Pacific:  Hokkaido, Japan to the Ryukyu Islands.  Also known from the East and South China seas.
				
				
			
			
				
					Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
				
				
				
					Maturity: Lm 25.9, range 21 - ? cm
 Max length : 37.4 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 123681); common length : 17.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 56557)				
				 
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Commercially cultured in Japan.  Juveniles associate with drifting seaweed.  Plankton feeder (Ref. 12114, 12115).			
			 
			
			
			
				
					Life cycle and mating behavior					
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
				
				
				
								
				
			
			 
				
				
				
					Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino, 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						IUCN Red List Status   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Threat to humans  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					Human uses  				
				
				
					Fisheries: bycatch				
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
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Special reports
 
				
			
			
			
				
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					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				Preferred temperature (Ref. 
123201): 11.5 - 24.9, mean 20.5 °C (based on 135 cells).
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (Ref. 
82804):  PD
50 = 0.5000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01349 (0.00864 - 0.02105), b=2.96 (2.83 - 3.09), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body  (Ref. 
93245).
					
					Trophic level  (Ref. 
69278):  3.6   ±0.43 se; based on food items.					
						 Generation time: 6.1 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
 growth studies.					
						Resilience  (Ref. 
120179):  Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).					
											
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  Moderate vulnerability (42 of 100). 
🛈					
						Nutrients  (Ref. 
124155):  Calcium = 34.9 [14.5, 81.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.639 [0.311, 1.592] mg/100g; Protein = 18 [16, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.118 [0.054, 0.252] g/100g; Selenium = 47.4 [21.5, 110.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 83.6 [21.9, 311.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.944 [0.597, 1.516] mg/100g (wet weight);