Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 5 - 143 m (Ref. 5951). Temperate; 55°N - 31°N, 82°W - 52°W
Western Atlantic: Labrador, Canada to Georgia, USA.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 27.4 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); max. published weight: 3.6 kg (Ref. 7251); max. reported age: 14 years (Ref. 52686)
Adults inhabit soft muddy to moderately hard bottoms (Ref. 5951). Feed predominantly in daytime on organisms living in, on or near the bottom; shrimps, amphipods, crabs, sea urchins and snails (Ref. 12232). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846).
Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong and J.A. Musick, 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. 324 p. (Ref. 27549)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental; gamefish: yes
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 0.7 - 13.1, mean 6.1 °C (based on 303 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00933 (0.00459 - 0.01895), b=3.08 (2.91 - 3.25), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.5 (2.6 - 4.2) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 20
growth studies.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.11-0.7(?); tm=2-3; tmax=10).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 33.3 [16.5, 68.2] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.282 [0.163, 0.496] mg/100g ; Protein = 17.4 [16.2, 18.9] % ; Omega3 = 0.359 [0.179, 0.712] g/100g ; Selenium = 22.5 [10.6, 50.1] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 4.72 [1.18, 17.83] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.424 [0.279, 0.647] mg/100g (wet weight);
