Teleostei (teleosts) > 
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > 
Soleidae (Soles)						
							
							Eponymy: Professor Victor Émile van Straelen (1889–1964) was a Belgian geologist and naturalist. [...] (Ref. 128868), visit book page.
More on author: Regan.						
					
				
					Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range					
						Ecology					
				
				
				
					Marine;  demersal; depth range 8 - 100 m (Ref. 2683). Tropical; 12°N -   17°S				
				 
			
			
			
				
				
				
					Eastern Atlantic:  Guinea-Bissau to Angola.  Reported from the Gambia River (Ref. 28587).
				
				 
			
			
				
					Size / Weight / Age
				
				
				
					Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
 Max length : 28.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5304)				
				 
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				Found on sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 2683).  Minimum depth from Ref. 58018.			
			 
			
			
			
				
					Life cycle and mating behavior					
					Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae				
				
				
				
								
				
			
			 
				
				
				
					Desoutter, M., 1990. Soleidae. p. 1037-1049. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 5304)
				
				 
			
			
			
							
					
						IUCN Red List Status   (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-1)
					
					
				 
					
			
			
			
			
			
			
			
				
					Threat to humans  
				
				
				
					  Harmless				
				
			 
			
			
			
			
				
					Human uses  				
				
				
					Fisheries: commercial				
				
				
			
			
						
			
			
			
				
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Special reports
 
				
			
			
			
				
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					Estimates based on models				
				
				
				Preferred temperature (Ref. 
123201): 19.2 - 27.9, mean 26 °C (based on 84 cells).
				
				
					
					Phylogenetic diversity index  (Ref. 
82804):  PD
50 = 1.0000   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].					
													Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00977 (0.00466 - 0.02049), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 
93245).
					
					Trophic level  (Ref. 
69278):  3.5   ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives					
											
				
				
										
						Resilience  (Ref. 
120179):  Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).					
											
				
									
					Fishing Vulnerability  (Ref. 
59153):  Low vulnerability (18 of 100). 
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