Classification / Names Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Actinopteri (ray-finned fishes) > Eupercaria/misc () > Sparidae (Porgies)
Etymology: Spicara: Latin, spicare = furnished with spike (Ref. 45335). More on author: Linnaeus.

Issue
Junior synonym Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810 is considered valid in CofF ver. January 2018 following Tortonese et al., 1973 (Ref. 6518) and other authors. Its synonymy under the current species will be removed.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecology

Marine; pelagic-neritic; depth range 30 - 130 m (Ref. 7349). Subtropical; 47°N - 28°N, 19°W - 42°E

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Eastern Atlantic: Portugal, Morocco, and Canary Islands including the Mediterranean and Black Sea.

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m 10.3 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 6518); 21.0 cm SL (female); common length : 14.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3397)

Adults are found in the neritic zone, commonly over Posidonia beds and on sand or muddy bottoms (Ref. 6518). They are distributed at depths of 30m to 90m (Ref. 56124). Feed on zooplankton. Are protogynous hermaphrodites.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Sex reversal occurs at lengths over 10.9 cm TL in the northeastern Mediterranean (Ref. 93202). Also Ref. 103751.

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator | Collaborators

Heemstra, P.C., 1990. Centracanthidae. p. 768-772. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2. (Ref. 7349)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 123251)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 August 2009

CITES (Ref. 123416)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes

FAO(fisheries: production; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 13 - 18.1, mean 14.5 °C (based on 87 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD₅₀ = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.01006 - 0.01195), b=3.02 (2.99 - 3.05), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.2 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.

Generation time: 4.4 (2.3 - 6.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 11 growth studies.

Resilience (Ref. 120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.24; tmax=5).

Prior r = 1.01, 95% CL = 0.66 - 1.51, Based on 1 stock assessment.

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (45 of 100) .

Price category (Ref. 80766): High.

Spicara maena (Linnaeus 1758)