Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Freshwater; benthopelagic; potamodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 5 - ? m (Ref. 11229). Subtropical; 2°S - 32°S
South America: Paraná-Paraguay and Paraíba do Sul River basins.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 24.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 80.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 79585); common length : 46.2 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 37057); max. published weight: 7.2 kg (Ref. 72380)
Maximum length based on examined specimen; reported to reach 74 cm TL in literature (Ref. 37057).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Pairing is distinct during copulation (Ref. 205). Males may stay near the nest (Ref. 205).
Castro, R.M.C. and R.P. Vari, 2003. Prochilodontidae (Fannel mouth characiforms). p. 65-70. In R.E. Reis, S.O. Kullander and C.J. Ferraris, Jr. (eds.) Checklist of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS, Brasil. (Ref. 37057)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: commercial; aquarium: commercial
Tools
Special reports
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Internet sources
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01950 (0.01622 - 0.02344), b=2.96 (2.91 - 3.01), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.2 ±0.12 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.19-0.43; Tmax=5).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): (0 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 27.3 [7.5, 204.4] mg/100g ; Iron = 3.51 [1.16, 9.64] mg/100g ; Protein = 19.1 [16.7, 21.4] % ; Omega3 = 0.368 [0.167, 0.799] g/100g ; Selenium = 40.4 [15.5, 89.0] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 6.63 [1.88, 22.45] μg/100g ; Zinc = 1.44 [1.00, 2.11] mg/100g (wet weight);