Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; demersal; depth range 5 - 60 m (Ref. 121239). Subtropical; 11°S - 44°S, 82°W - 70°W
Southeast Pacific: Huacho, Peru to Chiloé, Chile.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 27569); max. published weight: 199.00 g (Ref. 53696)
Inhabits rocky and sandy bottoms and feeds on crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Rosa, I.L. and R.S. Rosa, 1997. Systematic revision of the South American species of Pinguipedidae (Teleostei, Trachinoidei). Revta Bras. Zool. 14(4):845-865. (Ref. 27569)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
More information
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 11.2 - 15.3, mean 12.1 °C (based on 27 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00603 (0.00275 - 0.01321), b=3.10 (2.91 - 3.29), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.56 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (30 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (59 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 144 [76, 282] mg/100g ; Iron = 1.44 [0.88, 2.64] mg/100g ; Protein = 17.2 [15.0, 19.2] % ; Omega3 = 0.535 [0.256, 1.098] g/100g ; Selenium = 34.4 [14.0, 72.7] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 14.4 [4.9, 41.9] μg/100g ; Zinc = 1.15 [0.78, 1.76] mg/100g (wet weight);