| 主要參考文獻 | Bradbury, M.G., 1998 |
| 形態描述的性別 | |
| Bones in OsteoBase |
| 特殊器官 | |
| 不同的外表 | |
| 不同的顏色 | |
| 附註 |
| 顯著的特徵 | |
| 側面體型 (shape guide) | other (see remarks) |
| 橫切面 | flattened |
| 頭部背面描繪 | |
| 眼的類型 | |
| 口/吻尖的類型 | |
| 口的位置 | |
| Type of scales | other (see remark) |
| 鑑別 |
Fourth gill arch with filaments which are reduced in size compared to filaments in arches 2 and 3. Lateral-line scales: cheek 7; subopercular 5-8. Rostrum a short cone, usually tilted sharply upward. Disk strongly triangular-shaped with large, blunt, backward-sweeping subopercular spines. Bucklers on ventral surface of tail which are evenly distributed. Eyes directed laterally and slightly anteriorly; small mouth (Ref. 30695). |
| 鑑定難易度 |
| 側線 | 打斷: No |
| 側線上的鱗片 | |
| 側線上鱗片數 | |
| 側生系列的鱗片 | |
| 側線上的鱗片列 | |
| 側線下的鱗片列 | |
| 尾梗周圍的鱗片 | |
| 觸鬚 | |
| 鰓裂 (僅限於鯊魚/ 魟魚) | |
| 鰓耙 | |
| 在下肢上 | |
| 上枝鰓耙 | |
| 總數 | |
| 脊椎骨 | |
| 肛門前 | |
| 總數 | 17 - 18 |
| 屬性 | |
| 鰭數 | |
| 離鰭號碼 | Dorsal |
| Ventral | |
| 棘總數 | |
| 軟條總數 | 4 - 5 |
| 脂鰭 |
| 屬性 |
| 鰭數 | |
| 棘總數 | |
| 軟條總數 |
| 胸鰭 | 屬性 |
| 脊椎 | |
| 軟條 11 - 13 | |
| 骨盤的 | 屬性 |
| 位置 | |
| 脊椎 | |
| 軟條 |