Mainly oceanic, marine species, forming large schools (see Ref. 126017:598). Tolerates salinities of 5-41 ppt and in some areas, enters lagoons, estuaries and lakes, especially during spawning. Tends to move further north and into surface waters in summer, retreating and descending in winter. Feeds on planktonic organisms. Spawns from April to November with peaks usually in the warmest months. Eggs are ellipsoidal to oval, floating in the upper 50 m and hatching in 24-65 hours. Marketed fresh, dried, smoked, canned and frozen; made into fish meal (Ref. 9987).
主要地一个海洋沿岸种, 形成大群鱼群。 容忍 5- 的盐度 41个 ppt 与在一些地区, 进入泻湖，河口与湖, 特别是在产卵期间。 倾向移动到更北方而且在被向下退回来冬天时的夏天进入水表层。 吃浮游性生物。 从四月到产卵十一月用峰巅通常在最温暖的个月。 卵在上面的 50 公尺中是卵形到椭圆形, 漂浮的而且在 2465 小时的内孵化。 在市场上销售生鲜地,乾制了,烟熏了, 罐装及冷冻; 制成了鱼粉。 (参考文献 9987)
Preferred temperature (参考文献
123201): 7.1 - 18, mean 10.8 °C (based on 667 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (参考文献
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00457 (0.00413 - 0.00505), b=3.10 (3.07 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (参考文献
69278): 3.1 ±0.36 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.0 (1.6 - 2.8) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 47
growth studies.
回复力 (参考文献
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3-1.73; tmax=6; Fec =13,000-503,000).
Prior r = 0.59, 95% CL = 0.39 - 0.89, Based on 21 full stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
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Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (9 of 100).
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Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 170 [78, 369] mg/100g; Iron = 1.21 [0.63, 2.85] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.6, 20.0] %; Omega3 = 0.976 [0.611, 1.574] g/100g; Selenium = 19.1 [9.3, 36.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.5 [4.4, 51.5] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.24 [0.79, 1.84] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies. 
