Common names from other countries
Lingkungan: lingkungan / zona iklim / kisaran kedalaman / jangkauan distribusi
Ekologi
laut; payau pelagic-oceanic; oceanodromus (Ref. 71039); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 150 m (Ref. 28173). Tropical; 56°N - 30°S, 92°W - 42°E
Atlantic Ocean: in tropical and subtropical waters, including the Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Highly migratory species
Panjang pada saat jatuh tempo pertama / Ukuran / Berat / umur
Kematangan: Lm 41.8 range ? - 60 cm
Max length : 122 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 26340); common length : 80.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5217); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 16.5 kg (Ref. 40637); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 10 Tahun (Ref. 28173)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 15 - 16; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 11 - 13; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 11 - 15; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 39. Anterior spines of first dorsal fin much higher than the those mid-way, giving the fin a strongly concave outline. Interpelvic process small and bifid. Body naked except for corselet and lateral line. Swim bladder absent. Incipient protuberances on 33rd and 34th vertebrae. Back with broken oblique stripes (Ref. 168). Caudal peduncle with 7-8 finlets. Dark stripes on the back and with 3-7 dark spots between pelvic and pectoral fins (Ref. 35388).
Body shape (shape guide): fusiform / normal; Cross section: oval.
Found in neritic waters close inshore (Ref. 13628). This schooling species is an opportunistic predator which feeds on virtually everything within its range, i.e. crustaceans, fishes (mainly clupeoid), squids, heteropods and tunicates. Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Ref. 6769). Specialized traps (madragues) are used in Tunisia and Morocco. Diving bird flocks may indicate large schools (Ref. 9710). Utilized fresh, dried-salted, smoked, canned and frozen (Ref. 9987). A popular game fish (Ref. 9710).
Eggs are shed in several batches when the water is warmest.
Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 2. Scombrids of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas, mackerels, bonitos and related species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(2):137 p. (Ref. 168)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435: Version 2025-2)
ancaman kepada manusia
Reports of ciguatera poisoning (Ref. 30303)
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; Ikan buruan: ya
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimasi berdasarkan model
Suhu yang disukai (Acuan
123201): 11.5 - 27.8, mean 23.3 °C (based on 1094 cells).
Indeks keanekaragaman filogenetik (Acuan
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01000 (0.00867 - 0.01153), b=3.06 (3.02 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Tingkat Trofik (Acuan
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Acuan
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.13-0.22; tm=2; tmax=8; Fec=71,000).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 5 data-limited stock assessments.
Kerentanan Penangkapan Ikan (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (41 of 100).
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Kerentanan Iklim (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
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Nutrisi (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 15.6 [6.9, 118.0] mg/100g; Iron = 1.86 [0.70, 4.94] mg/100g; Protein = 23.1 [21.1, 24.8] %; Omega3 = 0.228 [0.133, 0.398] g/100g; Selenium = 58.4 [30.9, 111.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 24.3 [5.5, 105.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.487 [0.245, 1.888] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
