分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 深度上下限 10 - 400 m (Ref. 89707). 熱帶; 35°N - 32°S, 29°E - 150°E (Ref. 5222)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to southern Japan and Queensland, Australia. Also from the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea. There are no records from Madagascar, Mauritius, Maldives, Laccadives, and Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到日本南部與澳洲的昆士蘭省。 也從南中國海的西沙群島。 沒有來自馬達加斯加，模里西斯，馬爾地夫，拉克代夫與斯里蘭卡，印尼與菲律賓的紀錄。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 99 - ? cm
Max length : 200 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2872); 最大體重: 110.0 kg (Ref. 9710)
背棘 (總數): 11; 背的軟條 (總數): 14-15; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: body depth contained 2.9-3.5 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.6 times in SL; slightly convex interorbital area; straight dorsal head profile; rounded or subangular preopercle, slightly enlarged serrae at angle; almost straight upper edge of operculum; posterior and anterior nostrils subequal in size; maxilla reaches to or beyond vertical at rear edge of eye; 2-6 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 89707).
眼間隔些微中凸; 前鰓蓋骨圓的或者稍微有角的, 些微地被增大的鋸齒; 幾乎筆直地的鰓蓋的上緣; 鼻孔約略相等的; 顎骨達到或過去的垂直在眼的後緣。 整體的色彩是淡褐色的灰色有一些深褐色的到黑色的空隙大的斑塊; 頭部有比較小的深褐色的斑點與條紋 (多數放射從眼); 在鰭上的深色的斑點小的末梢部地。 大的成魚可能是幾乎黑色。
Mainly found in deep reef channels and seamounts, in current prone areas (Ref. 48635). Juveniles may be found in tide pools (Ref. 5222). Feeds on reef fishes, skates, crabs, and spiny lobsters (Ref. 5222). Considered to be exceedingly territorial and very aggressive towards intruders. Vulnerable to spear fishers (Ref. 5222). Hand fed by divers in certain areas, but potentially dangerous to the inexperienced. In the Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). Solitary (Ref 90102).
在水流向下的區域中主要地發現於深的礁峽道與海洋山脊了。 (參考文獻 48635) 稚魚可能被發現於潮池。 (參考文獻 5222) 吃珊瑚礁魚類，魟魚，螃蟹與棘龍蝦。 (參考文獻 5222) 被認為是了極具領域性與非常有侵略性向侵入者。 應受保育的由於魚矛漁法。 (參考文獻 5222) 在特定的區域中藉著潛水者用手餵食, 但是可能地對無經驗者有危險。 在香港活魚販售。 (參考文獻 27253)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-西太平洋: 紅海而且東非到日本南部與澳洲的昆士蘭省。 也從南中國海的西沙群島。 沒有來自馬達加斯加，模里西斯，馬爾地夫，拉克代夫與斯里蘭卡，印尼與菲律賓的紀錄。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 22 November 2016
人類使用
漁業: 自給性漁業; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 16.8 - 27.7, mean 23.9 °C (based on 619 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01479 (0.00762 - 0.02872), b=3.05 (2.89 - 3.21), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.68 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 8.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 11.1 [5.0, 25.1] mg/100g; Iron = 0.368 [0.188, 0.752] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.2, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.121 [0.069, 0.216] g/100g; Selenium = 73.4 [39.2, 145.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 82.7 [22.4, 294.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.801 [0.547, 1.169] mg/100g (wet weight);
