分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Rhinopristiformes (Shovelnose rays) >
Rhinobatidae (Guitarfishes)
Etymology: Rhinobatos: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek, batis, -idos = a ray (Raja sp.) (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 0 - 100 m (Ref. 12951). 亞熱帶的; 44°N - 17°S, 19°W - 36°E (Ref. 114953)
Eastern Atlantic: southern Bay of Biscay to Angola, including Mediterranean Sea.
東大西洋: 比斯開灣南部到安哥拉, 包括地中海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 87.0, range 79 - ? cm
Max length : 185 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 127374); common length : 80.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3261); 最大体重: 26.6 kg (Ref. 127374)
背棘 (总数): 0; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 0. Rostral ridges widely separated over their entire length; anterior nasal lobe reaching to level of inner corner of nostril, posterior nasal flap wide; spiracle with two moderately developed folds, the outer one more prominent; thorns relatively small, present around inner margin of orbits, between spiracles, on shoulders, and along midline of disc and tail; Upper surface khaki-brown, underside white (Ref. 6675).
嘴的脊在他们的整个长度之上分得很开; 前面的鼻叶延伸到鼻孔的内角高度, 后鼻盖宽的; 呼吸孔有两个适度发展的摺层，外面的那一个较突出的; 刺相当小的, 眼窝的内缘的周围呈现, 在呼吸孔之间, 在肩上, 而且沿着体盘与尾部的中线; 上表皮土褐色的, 腹面白色的.(参考文献 6675)
Inhabits sandy and muddy bottoms, from the intertidal zone to about 100 m. Sometimes near rocky reefs (Ref. 12951). Slow swimming over bottom or partially buried. Feeds on benthic invertebrates, mainly crustaceans and small fishes. Males mature at ca. 56 cm TL, females at ca. 64 cm TL; born at ca. 25 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Ovoviviparous, one or two litters per year with 4-10 embryos.
栖息于沙泥底,从潮间带区域到大约 100 公尺。 有时邻近岩礁.(参考文献 12951) 减慢游泳于底部之上或者部份地埋藏了。 吃底栖的无脊椎动物与鱼类。 卵胎生的, 一或二个胎窝每年有四个 -10个胚胎。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). One or two litters per year, of 4-10 embryos (Ref. 6675)東大西洋: 比斯開灣南部到安哥拉, 包括地中海。
Schneider, W., 1990. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to the commercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared and published with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa. Rome: FAO. 268 p. (Ref. 2683)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 19.2 - 28, mean 26.1 °C (based on 104 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00204 (0.00164 - 0.00255), b=3.08 (3.01 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 8.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tmax=5; Fec=4).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (66 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 20.2 [3.7, 87.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.646 [0.170, 1.792] mg/100g; Protein = 19.8 [17.7, 21.8] %; Omega3 = 0.236 [0.109, 0.521] g/100g; Selenium = 24.8 [7.5, 65.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 6.46 [2.60, 15.59] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.552 [0.281, 1.018] mg/100g (wet weight);
