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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Alosidae (Shads and Sardines)
Etymology: Alosa: Latin, alausa = a fish cited by Ausonius and Latin, halec = pickle, dealing with the Greek word hals = salt; it is also the old Saxon name for shad = "alli" ; 1591 (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態学
海; 新鮮な水; 汽水性の; 昇流魚 (Ref. 51243); 深さの範囲 50 - 70 m (Ref. 59043). Temperate; 48°N - 40°N, 26°E - 44°E
Eurasia: Black Sea and Sea of Azov from where adults ascend rivers, migrating a short distance upstream to spawn.
サイズ / 重さ / 年齢
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL オス/雌雄の選別がない; (Ref. 96734); 最大公表体重: 59.00 g (Ref. 593)
Distinguished from its congeners entering freshwater in Black Sea basins by having 66-96 gill rakers, longer than branchial filaments and poorly-developed teeth on palatine and vomer (Ref. 59043).
This species migrates from sea to mouth and lower reaches of large rivers (at 1-2 years) and spawns in fresh or slightly brackish water, usually close to the shore, upper 2-4 m, in almost still water bodies as flood plains or lakes. Many individuals spawn 2-4 seasons and spawners appear along the coast in late January to March, enter rivers when temperature reaches about 10°C in late April to May, and spawns at about 15°C or beyond in May to June. Eggs are bathypelagic or sink to bottom. Spent fish migrate to estuarine and coastal lagoons or to sea near river mouths to feed and in autumn, move to sea near river mouths to overwinter. Juveniles migrate to sea or estuaries during first summer and remain there until maturity. At sea, feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (crustaceans), insect larvae and small fish. Populations seem to have stabilized at moderate level after most have declined during the first decades of 20th century due to water pollution. In northern Black Sea, immediate impact is foreseen due to the decline in habitat quality in suitable estuarine ecosystems. On the other hand, the species is still abundant in Azov Sea basin (Ref. 59043).
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟 | 繁殖 | 放精 | 卵 | 生産力 | 幼生
Juveniles migrate to sea or estuaries during their first summer, remaining there until they mature. After 1-2 years, they migrate upriver to breed. Spawners appear along the coast in late January-March, enter rivers when temperature reaches about 10°C, in late April and May. Spawning occurs from May to June on or above 15°C. Spent individuals migrate to estuaries and coastal lagoons or to sea near river mouths to feed. In autumn, they move to the sea to overwinter (Ref. 59043).
Berg, L.S., 1962. Freshwater fishes of the U.S.S.R. and adjacent countries. volume 1, 4th edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd, Jerusalem. (Russian version published 1948). (Ref. 593)
Human uses
より多くの情報
参考文献水産養殖水産養殖の紹介緊張遺伝子のElectrophoreses遺伝病気行列NutrientsMass conversion
協力者画像Stamps, Coins Misc.音シガテラ(食中毒の名前)速度泳ぐ 型式カマOtoliths脳視覚
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インターネットの情報源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.6 - 12, mean 7.6 °C (based on 6 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00452 - 0.01334), b=3.07 (2.92 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
栄養段階 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 手段, 1.4年~4.4年の倍増期間の最小個体群 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).