分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Perciformes/Notothenioidei (Icefishes) >
Nototheniidae (Cod icefishes) > Pleuragrammatinae
Etymology: Pleuragramma: Greek, pleura = side, ribe + Greek, gramma = letter, signal (Ref. 45335); antarcticum: Named after the region in which this is common (Ref. 11892).
More on author: Boulenger.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 0 - 1000 m (Ref. 127764). 極; ? - 2°C (Ref. 6390); 60°S - 78°S, 180°W - 180°E
Southern Ocean: Antarctic Peninsula, South Shetland, Elephant, South Orkney islands, Weddell, Bellingshausen, Ross and Davis seas, Oates, Adélie, Wilhelm and other coasts of East Antarctica to Prydz Bay.
南極海: 到 Prydz 海灣的南極半島，雪特蘭群島南方部，象，奧克尼群島南方部島，威德爾海， Bellingshausen ，羅斯與戴維斯海洋， Oates ， Adelie, 威廉與東南極洲的其他海岸。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 13 - ? cm
Max length : 26.6 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 124149); common length : 15.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 2121); 最大体重: 200.00 g (Ref. 6390); 最大年龄: 20 年 (Ref. 5216)
背棘 (总数): 6 - 8; 背的软条 (总数): 35-38; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 36 - 39; 脊椎骨: 52 - 56. Pre-opercular-mandibular canal pores 9 (rarely 10), with 3 (rarely 4) on the mandible. Infraorbital canal with 4+2 pores; lateral line organs (neuromasts) present exposed region between the canal segments, the normal number probably being 4 (rarely 5), but some or all are often missing. Supraorbital canal with 3+1 pores (a second, more posterior pore rarely present in postero-dorsal section); between these 2 supraorbital canal segments is a trough divided by 3 low transverse ridges into 4 shallow depressions; on each ridge is a neuromasts organ. Temporal canal with 1+4 pores; between the 2 segment lies a single exposed neuromast. Supratemporal canal with 1+1 pores; no traces of neuromasts were found in the intervening regions.
Color: In life, pink with a silvery hue, the dorsal surface slightly darker. All fins pale, with clear hyaline membranes. The body becomes silvery with a darker dorsum only after death (Ref. 28937).
前鳃盖- 颚骨管的孔 9(很少地 10),在下颚上有三个 (很少地 4) 。 眶下管有四个 +2个孔; 在渠道片段之间的侧线器官 (神经瘤) 存在的裸露区域, 正常的数字可能在 4(很少地 5), 但是一些或全部时常不见。 眶上管有三个 +1个孔;(一个第二个, 较向后的孔很少地出现在 postero-背部的部分) 在这些 2个眶上管片段之间是进入 4个水浅的凹洼之内被分开 3个低的横跨脊的一个沟槽; 在每个脊上是一个神经瘤器官。 暂生管 1+4个孔; 在 2 片段之间躺卧一个裸露的神经瘤。 上颞骨管 1+1个孔; 神经瘤的没有痕迹被发现于其间的区域。
颜色: 活着时，粉红色具有一个银色的色，背部表面的颜色略深的。 所有的鳍灰白的有清澈的透明薄膜。 身体变成只有在死亡之后银色的有一个较黑的背面.(参考文献 28937)
Regarded as the only truly pelagic fish in Antarctic waters (Ref. 6390). Larvae and postlarvae occur between 0 to 135 m; juveniles 50 to 400 and adults below 400 m (Ref. 5179). Postlarvae feed mainly on eggs and larvae of copepods; juveniles mainly on copepods, but take also eggs and larvae of euphausiids, polychaetes and chaetognaths (Ref. 5179). Larger items are ingested with increase in size (Ref. 5179). Larval pelagic phase is long (Ref. 28916).
在南极圈水域被认为唯一的真实大洋性的鱼了。 (参考文献 6390) 仔鱼与后期幼体在 0 到 135 公尺之间出现; 稚鱼 50 到 400 与成鱼小于 400 公尺.(参考文献 5179) 后期幼体主要捕食卵与桡脚类的动物的仔鱼; 稚鱼主要捕食桡足类, 但是也带卵与磷虾，多毛类动物与毛颚类动物的仔鱼.(参考文献 5179) 较大的项目随着体型增大被摄取。 (参考文献 5179)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Mature females may spawn for the first time from around 7-9 years of age (Ref. 71843).南極海: 到 Prydz 海灣的南極半島，雪特蘭群島南方部，象，奧克尼群島南方部島，威德爾海， Bellingshausen ，羅斯與戴維斯海洋， Oates ， Adelie, 威廉與東南極洲的其他海岸。
Dewitt, H.H., P.C. Heemstra and O. Gon, 1990. Nototheniidae. p. 279-331. In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Fishes of the Southern Ocean. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. (Ref. 5179)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): -1.8 - 0.9, mean -1 °C (based on 540 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00355 (0.00227 - 0.00556), b=3.22 (3.09 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.2 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.14; tm=3-4; tmax=20; Fec=4,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 31.8 [16.5, 72.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.582 [0.268, 1.204] mg/100g; Protein = 16.1 [12.9, 19.0] %; Omega3 = 0.425 [0.227, 0.796] g/100g; Selenium = 11.9 [4.3, 26.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.7 [6.6, 152.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.593 [0.386, 0.926] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
