Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; air tawar; payau; katadromus (ruaya dari air tawar ke laut) (Ref. 51243). Subtropical; 9°C - 27°C (Ref. 2906); 26°S - 33°S
Oceania: Georges River northwards to the Burnett River in Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 38.0, range 36 - 40 cm
Max length : 81.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 2906); common length : 35.0 cm NG jantan/; (Ref. 2906); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 7.5 kg (Ref. 2906); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 14 Tahun (Ref. 44894)
Often occur in small groups in deep pools where stream flow is slow. Inhabit deep, gently flowing sections of rivers. Also occur in estuaries and coastal seas during spawning runs. Tolerant of temperatures between 9° and 27°C. Form small shoals (Ref. 44894). Mainly herbivorous. Feed on filamentous green algae, microscopic plants and animals as well as detritus. Also consume benthic invertebrates. Oviparous, eggs are pelagic and non-adhesive (Ref. 205). Spawn in estuaries or at sea following a downstream migration in summer. Peak spawning activity is in February. Sexual maturity is reached after 4 years at a length of about 30 centimeters. Maximum life span is approximately 14 years (Ref. 44894).
Merrick, J.R. and G.E. Schmida, 1984. Australian freshwater fishes: biology and management. Griffin Press Ltd., South Australia. 409 p. (Ref. 2906)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Budidaya air: komersial
informasi lanjut
Umur / SaizPertumbuhanpanjang-beratpanjang-panjangukuran frekuensiMorfometrikMorfologiLarvaDinamika larvapemulihanKelimpahanBRUVS
AcuanBudidaya airprofil budidaya airStrainGenetikaElectrophoresesDiturunkanPenyakit-penyakitPengolahanNutrientsMass conversion
mitraGambarStamps, Coins Misc.Suara-suaraCiguateraKecepatanTipe renangArea insangOtolithsOtakPenglihatan / visi
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00558 - 0.02474), b=2.96 (2.79 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 2.3 ±0.20 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (tm=4; Fec=1.1 million).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (52 of 100).