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> Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Cyclopsettidae (Sand whiffs)
Etymology: Citharichthys: Latin, cithara = lire like instrument + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Günther.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

marina; sötvatten; brackvatten bottenlevande; djupintervall 0 - 75 m (Ref. 5217). Tropical; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 36880); 41°N - 33°S

Utbredning Länder | FAO områden | Ekosystem | Förekomster | Point map | Utplanteringar | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to the Antilles and Brazil.

Size / Vikt / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 122735); common length : 15.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 5217); publicerad maxvikt: 99.40 g (Ref. 122735)

Short description Morfologi | Morfometri

Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt): 0; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt): 74-84; Taggstrålar i analfenan 0; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 52 - 63

Occurs in shallow muddy bottoms from the coastline to 75 m depth; also in brackish estuaries and hypersaline lagoons (Ref. 5217). Inhabit mainly coastal waters and tidelands, but abundant in waters very near the sea to a few meters elevation with wholly freshwater ichthyofauna (Ref. 36880). Feeds mainly on zooplankton and zoobenthos (Ref. 13196). Taken with beach nets (Ref. 5217).

Life cycle and mating behavior Könsmognad | Reproduktion | Lek | Ägg | Fecundity | Larver

Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Oviparous (Ref. 101737). Females produce numerous eggs in multiple spawnings during a prolonged spawning period (Ref. 101737).

Main reference Upload your references | referenser | Koordinator | Medarbetare

Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 01 February 2013

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 22.5 - 28, mean 25.5 °C (based on 608 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00505 - 0.00789), b=3.12 (3.07 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Trofisk nivå (Ref. 69278): 3.6 ±0.58 se; based on food items.

Generation time: 2.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1 growth studies.

Resiliens (Ref. 120179): Hög, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid mindre än 15 månader (K=0.42; Fec=6,009 (batch fecundity)).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Citharichthys spilopterus Günther, 1862